Surgery \ Grade 3

Code: SURG 306    Credits: 2

Introduction to Surgery

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG1.1	A. Define surgery and discuss its historical evolution, including key milestones and advancements in surgical techniques and technology. B. Explain the principles of asepsis, antisepsis, and surgical ethics in modern surgical practice. C. Discuss the role of surgery in managing various diseases, including trauma, cancer, infections, and congenital abnormalities. D. Describe the different types of surgical procedures (elective, emergency, minimally invasive, and robotic surgery) and their indications.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG1.2	A. Recognize the preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative phases of surgery and the importance of multidisciplinary collaboration. B. Explain the common complications associated with surgery, including infection, bleeding, thrombosis, and anesthesia-related risks. C. Discuss patient safety principles in surgery, including the use of checklists, consent processes, and surgical site infection prevention. D. Recognize the impact of surgical innovations, including laparoscopic and robotic-assisted surgery, on patient outcomes and recovery.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Wounds, Healing & Tissue Repair

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG2.1	A. Define different types of wounds (incised, lacerated, contused, puncture, and avulsion) and classify them based on depth and severity. B. Explain the phases of wound healing (inflammatory, proliferative, and remodeling) and factors that influence wound healing. C. Discuss the role of fibroblasts, collagen synthesis, and angiogenesis in tissue repair and wound contraction.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG2.2	A. Identify systemic and local factors affecting wound healing, including diabetes, infection, ischemia, and nutritional deficiencies. B. Explain the difference between primary, secondary, and tertiary intention healing and their clinical relevance. C. Discuss the complications of wound healing, including hypertrophic scars, keloids, dehiscence, and chronic non-healing ulcers. D. Recognize the importance of infection control in wound management, including the role of antiseptics, dressings, and negative pressure wound therapy.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG3.1	A. Define chronic wounds and differentiate them from acute wounds in terms of pathophysiology and management. B. Discuss the pathophysiology of pressure ulcers, venous ulcers, and diabetic foot ulcers, including risk factors and staging. C. Explain the role of hyperbaric oxygen therapy, bioengineered skin substitutes, and skin grafts in chronic wound management.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG3.2	A. Explain the role of prophylactic antibiotics in surgical wound infection prevention and their appropriate use. B. Describe the role of vacuum-assisted closure (VAC) therapy and its indications in wound management. C. Recognize the importance of multidisciplinary care (e.g., plastic surgeons, vascular surgeons, and endocrinologists) in managing complex wounds. D. Discuss the prevention of wound healing complications, including patient education, lifestyle modifications, and early intervention strategies.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Fluid and Electrolyte Balance

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG4.1	A. Explain the distribution of body fluids, including intracellular, extracellular, and transcellular compartments, and their clinical significance. B. Discuss the physiological mechanisms regulating fluid balance, including osmoregulation, hormonal control (ADH, aldosterone), and renal function. C. Recognize the clinical features, causes, and management of common fluid imbalances, including dehydration, hypovolemia, and hypervolemia.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG4.2	A. Discuss the causes, clinical presentation, and management of electrolyte imbalances, including hyponatremia, hyperkalemia, and hypocalcemia. B. Describe the indications for intravenous fluid therapy, including types of fluids.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Acid Base Balance

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG5.1	A. Define acid-base balance and explain its physiological regulation through the respiratory and renal systems. B. Discuss the concepts of pH, bicarbonate (HCO₃⁻), and partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO₂) in arterial blood gas (ABG) analysis. C. Explain the causes, clinical manifestations, and management of metabolic acidosis, including diabetic ketoacidosis and lactic acidosis. D. Discuss the pathophysiology and treatment of metabolic alkalosis, including vomiting-induced alkalosis and diuretic use.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG5.2	A. Explain the causes, diagnosis, and management of respiratory acidosis and respiratory alkalosis in surgical patients. B. Recognize the role of buffer systems (bicarbonate, phosphate, and protein buffers) in maintaining acid-base homeostasis. C. Discuss the importance of arterial blood gas (ABG) interpretation in diagnosing acid-base disorders and guiding treatment. D. Describe the principles of acid-base correction, including the use of intravenous bicarbonate therapy.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Skin & Subcutaneous Tissue

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG6.1	A. Describe the structure and function of the skin, including its layers (epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous tissue) and their clinical significance. B. Explain the pathophysiology of common skin infections, including cellulitis, abscesses, necrotizing fasciitis, and their management. C. Discuss the principles of wound assessment, including classification of burns, ulcers, and traumatic skin injuries. D. Describe the clinical presentation and management of pressure.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG6.2	A. Explain the role of surgical debridement, dressings, and skin grafting in wound management. B. Discuss the diagnosis and treatment of benign skin lesions, including lipomas, epidermoid cysts, and dermatofibromas. C. Recognize the importance of histopathological examination in differentiating benign from malignant skin lesions. D. Discuss the role of reconstructive surgery, including flap techniques, in managing complex skin defects.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG7.1	A. Explain the etiology and clinical presentation of soft tissue infections, including erysipelas, cellulitis, and necrotizing soft tissue infections. B. Describe the principles of antibiotic selection for bacterial skin infections based on culture results and antimicrobial susceptibility. C. Discuss the pathophysiology and management of necrotizing fasciitis, including early recognition, surgical debridement, and intensive care support. D. Explain the risk factors, diagnosis, and treatment of hidradenitis suppurativa, including medical and surgical options.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG7.2	A. Discuss the classification, diagnosis, and management of chronic non-healing wounds, including venous and arterial ulcers. B. Recognize the clinical features and management of cutaneous manifestations of systemic diseases, such as vasculitis and autoimmune skin conditions. C. Explain the role of biologic and immunosuppressive therapies in treating inflammatory skin conditions like psoriasis and pemphigus vulgaris. D. Discuss the principles of reconstructive plastic surgery in skin defect management, including grafting and local flap techniques.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Metabolic Response to Injury

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG8.1	A. Explain the physiological changes following injury, including the systemic inflammatory response and hormonal adaptations. B. Discuss the phases of metabolic response to injury: the ebb phase, flow phase, and recovery phase. C. Recognize the effects of trauma, burns, and major surgery on metabolism, including hypermetabolism and protein catabolism. D. Explain the role of cytokines, stress hormones (cortisol, catecholamines), and inflammatory mediators in the metabolic response.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG8.2	A. Discuss the pathophysiology and management of sepsis-induced metabolic derangements. B. Describe the nutritional implications of hypermetabolism and catabolism in critically ill patients. C. Explain the role of early enteral and parenteral nutrition in reducing morbidity and mortality in surgical patients. D. Discuss the importance of monitoring metabolic parameters (e.g., glucose, lactate, nitrogen balance) in post-injury patient care.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Nutrition and Fluid Therapy

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG9.1	A. Explain the principles of perioperative nutrition and its impact on surgical outcomes. B. Discuss the indications, benefits, and limitations of enteral versus parenteral nutrition in surgical patients. C. Recognize the clinical manifestations and management of protein-energy malnutrition and its impact on wound healing.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG9.2	A. Describe the components of a balanced nutritional plan for surgical patients, including macronutrients, micronutrients, and fluid requirements. B. Explain the importance of early nutrition in critically ill patients, including immune-enhancing diets. C. Discuss the role of specialized nutrition in specific surgical conditions, such as short bowel syndrome and burns. D. Explain the principles of refeeding syndrome, including prevention and management strategies.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG10.1	A. Discuss the metabolic consequences of prolonged fasting and starvation in surgical patients. B. Explain the role of nitrogen balance in assessing protein requirements and the need for supplementation. C. Describe the indications and complications of total parenteral nutrition (TPN), including catheter-related infections and metabolic disturbances. D. Explain the role of immunonutrition in critically ill patients, including arginine, glutamine, and omega-3 fatty acids.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG10.2	A. Discuss the specific nutritional needs of patients undergoing major gastrointestinal surgery and bariatric surgery. B. Explain the concept of enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) protocols and their impact on perioperative nutrition. C. Describe the assessment and management of micronutrient deficiencies, including vitamin and mineral supplementation. D. Discuss the importance of monitoring electrolyte and metabolic parameters in patients receiving artificial nutrition.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Introduction to Trauma

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG11.1	A. Define trauma and describe its epidemiology, including global burden and preventable causes. B. Explain the primary survey (ABCDE approach) in trauma assessment and its clinical relevance. C. Discuss the secondary survey in trauma evaluation, including systematic head-to-toe examination. D. Describe the principles of damage control resuscitation, including permissive hypotension and hemostatic resuscitation.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG11.2	A. Explain the pathophysiology of traumatic shock, including hypovolemic, neurogenic, and septic shock. B. Discuss the role of focused assessment with sonography for trauma (FAST) and extended FAST (eFAST) in trauma evaluation. C. Explain the importance of the golden hour in trauma management and strategies to improve patient outcomes. D. Discuss the indications for emergency surgical intervention in trauma patients, including exploratory laparotomy and thoracotomy.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Early Assessment and Management of Severe Trauma

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG12.1	A. Describe the principles of advanced trauma life support (ATLS) in the initial assessment of trauma patients. B. Explain the role of prehospital care in trauma management, including airway management and fluid resuscitation. C. Discuss the indications and techniques for securing the airway in trauma patients, including endotracheal intubation and cricothyroidotomy. D. Recognize the signs of life-threatening hemorrhage and discuss immediate hemorrhage control strategies.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG12.2	A. Explain the role of point-of-care ultrasound in assessing trauma patients. B. Discuss the management of traumatic brain injury, including intracranial pressure monitoring and neurosurgical intervention. C. Explain the assessment and management of spinal cord injuries in trauma. D. Discuss the role of trauma registries and quality improvement initiatives in improving trauma outcomes.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Torso and Pelvic Trauma

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG13.1	A. Discuss the common causes and mechanisms of blunt and penetrating torso trauma, including motor vehicle accidents and gunshot wounds. B. Explain the classification and management of rib fractures, including flail chest and their complications (e.g., pneumothorax, hemothorax). C. Describe the assessment and management of thoracic trauma, including tension pneumothorax, hemothorax, and cardiac tamponade. D. Explain the diagnosis and management of solid organ injuries (liver, spleen, kidneys) in abdominal trauma, including non-operative management strategies.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Disaster Surgery

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG14.1	A. Define disaster surgery and describe the principles of mass casualty triage (START and SALT systems). B. Explain the role of damage control resuscitation and surgery in disaster scenarios. C. Discuss the management of blast injuries, including primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary effects. D. Describe the common surgical interventions in disaster settings, including amputations, fasciotomies, and debridement.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG14.2	A. Explain the principles of field hospitals and mobile surgical units in disaster response. B. Discuss the role of multidisciplinary teams, including surgeons, anesthetists, and emergency physicians, in disaster management. C. Recognize the challenges of resource-limited settings and ethical dilemmas in disaster surgery. D. Explain post-disaster rehabilitation strategies, including prosthetics, reconstructive surgery, and psychological support.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Conflict Surgery

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG15.1	A. Define conflict surgery and discuss the unique challenges of providing surgical care in war zones. B. Explain the management of gunshot wounds, including wound ballistics and debridement principles. C. Discuss the pathophysiology and management of blast injuries, including lung, brain, and abdominal injuries. D. Describe the role of tourniquets, hemostatic agents, and damage control surgery in combat trauma.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG15.2	A. Explain the management of open fractures, amputations, and soft tissue injuries in battlefield conditions. B. Discuss the challenges of infection control, including multidrug-resistant organisms in conflict zones. C. Recognize the importance of humanitarian surgical missions and organizations like the ICRC and MSF. D. Explain the principles of post-war rehabilitation, including reconstructive surgery and psychological support for war-injured patients.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Abdominal Incisions & Sutures Material

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG16.1	A. Describe the different types of abdominal incisions and their indications (midline, paramedian, Kocher’s, Pfannenstiel, etc.). B. Explain the advantages and disadvantages of each type of incision concerning wound healing and postoperative complications. C. Discuss the classification and properties of suturing materials (absorbable vs. non-absorbable, monofilament vs. multifilament). D. Explain the principles of wound closure techniques, including interrupted, continuous, and subcuticular suturing.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG16.2	A. Recognize the complications of improper wound closure, including wound dehiscence and incisional hernias. B. Discuss the role of surgical staplers and adhesives in modern surgical wound closure. C. Explain the factors influencing suture selection based on tissue type (e.g., skin, fascia, bowel). D. Describe the principles of postoperative wound care, including dressing selection and infection prevention.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Cyst, Ulcer, Sinus

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG17.1	A. Discuss the common causes of sebaceous cysts, dermoid cysts, and pilonidal cysts, including their surgical management. B. Explain the pathophysiology and classification of ulcers, including venous, arterial, and neuropathic ulcers. C. Describe the diagnosis and management of chronic ulcers, including wound debridement, dressings, and skin grafting. D. Discuss the causes and management of common sinuses and fistulas, including pilonidal sinuses and anal fistulas.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG17.2	A. Explain the principles of chronic wound care, including the role of negative pressure wound therapy. B. Recognize the risk factors and management strategies for malignant transformation in chronic ulcers (Marjolin’s ulcer). C. Discuss the role of biopsy and histopathological examination in diagnosing non-healing ulcers.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Surgical Infection

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG18.1	A. Define surgical infections and classify them into superficial, deep, and organ/space infections. B. Discuss the microbiology of common surgical infections, including Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus, and anaerobes. C. Explain the principles of surgical site infection (SSI) prevention, including antibiotic prophylaxis and aseptic technique. D. Describe the diagnosis and management of abscesses, cellulitis, and necrotizing soft tissue infections.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG18.2	A. Discuss the management of deep-seated infections, including peritonitis, mediastinitis, and necrotizing fasciitis. B. Explain the role of source control in surgical infection management, including drainage and debridement. C. Recognize the importance of multidrug-resistant organisms and antibiotic stewardship in surgical practice. D. Discuss the complications of untreated surgical infections, including sepsis and multi-organ failure.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Surgical Infection

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG19.1	A. Explain the pathophysiology and risk factors for sepsis and septic shock in surgical patients. B. Discuss the criteria for diagnosing sepsis (qSOFA, SIRS criteria) and the importance of early recognition. C. Describe the principles of sepsis management, including fluid resuscitation, vasopressor therapy, and early antibiotics. D. Explain the indications for surgical intervention in sepsis, including source control strategies.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG19.2	A. Discuss the role of biomarkers (e.g., procalcitonin, lactate) in sepsis diagnosis and monitoring. B. Recognize the long-term complications of sepsis, including post-sepsis syndrome and organ dysfunction. C. Explain the role of infection prevention strategies in surgical wards, including hand hygiene and antibiotic stewardship. D. Discuss the impact of nosocomial infections and multidrug-resistant pathogens in surgical patients.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Sterilization & Disinfection

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG20.1	A. Define sterilization and disinfection and explain their importance in infection control. B. Discuss the different methods of sterilization, including autoclaving, ethylene oxide gas, and plasma sterilization. C. Explain the principles of high-level, intermediate-level, and low-level disinfection. D. Describe the indications and uses of chemical disinfectants, including alcohol, chlorhexidine, and formaldehyde.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG20.1	A. Discuss the importance of sterilization in surgical instrument processing and its impact on surgical outcomes. B. Explain the role of aseptic technique in preventing surgical site infections. C. Recognize the challenges and solutions in maintaining sterile environments in operating rooms. D. Discuss infection control policies and quality assurance measures in healthcare settings.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Tropical Infections and Infestations

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG21.1	A. Define tropical infections and discuss their epidemiology, including endemic regions and risk factors. B. Explain the clinical presentation, diagnosis, and surgical complications of amoebic liver abscess, including drainage techniques. C. Discuss the pathophysiology and management of schistosomiasis-related urological and hepatic complications. D. Describe the surgical implications of hydatid disease, including cystectomy and perioperative considerations.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG21.1	A. Recognize the clinical features and management of filariasis-related lymphatic obstruction and elephantiasis. B. Explain the surgical approach to necrotizing fasciitis in tropical settings, including aggressive debridement and antibiotic therapy. C. Discuss the impact of tropical infections on wound healing and postoperative recovery. D. Explain the principles of infection control and vaccination strategies in endemic regions.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Hydatid Cysts

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG22.1	A. Describe the life cycle of Echinococcus granulosus and its role in hydatid cyst formation. B. Explain the clinical presentation and complications of hydatid cysts in the liver, lungs, and other organs. C. Discuss the imaging modalities used for diagnosing hydatid cysts, including ultrasound and CT scans. D. Explain the surgical management of hydatid cysts, including PAIR (puncture, aspiration, injection, and reaspiration) and open surgery.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG22.2	A. Discuss the medical treatment of hydatid disease, including the role of albendazole and mebendazole. B. Recognize the complications of untreated hydatid cysts, including rupture, secondary infection, and anaphylaxis. C. Explain preventive measures to reduce the transmission of Echinococcus infection in endemic areas. D. Discuss the importance of multidisciplinary management involving surgeons, infectious disease specialists, and radiologists.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Principles of Oncology

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG23.1	A. Define oncology and discuss the basic principles of cancer biology, including carcinogenesis and tumor progression. B. Explain the TNM staging system and its role in guiding cancer management. C. Describe the different modalities of cancer treatment, including surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and targeted therapy. D. Discuss the indications and principles of oncologic surgery, including curative, palliative, and cytoreductive surgery.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG23.2	A. Explain the role of sentinel lymph node biopsy in cancer staging and treatment. B. Recognize the principles of cancer screening programs, including colorectal, breast, and cervical cancer screening. C. Discuss the complications of cancer treatment, including chemotherapy-induced immunosuppression and radiation fibrosis. D. Explain the psychosocial aspects of cancer care, including palliative care and end-of-life decision-making.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Tissue & Molecular Diagnosis

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG24.1	A. Explain the principles of tissue biopsy techniques, including excisional, incisional, core needle, and fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB). B. Discuss the role of histopathology and immunohistochemistry in cancer diagnosis. C. Explain the significance of tumor markers (e.g., CEA, AFP, CA-125) in cancer diagnosis and prognosis. D. Describe the principles of molecular pathology, including PCR, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), and next-generation sequencing.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG24.2	A. Discuss the role of genetic testing in hereditary cancer syndromes, including BRCA mutations and Lynch syndrome. B. Explain the importance of frozen section analysis in intraoperative cancer diagnosis. C. Discuss the impact of precision medicine in tailoring cancer treatment based on molecular profiling. D. Recognize the limitations and ethical considerations of molecular diagnostics in clinical practice.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Arterial Disorder

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG25.1	A. Describe the anatomy and physiology of arterial circulation and its clinical relevance. B. Discuss the pathophysiology, risk factors, and classification of peripheral arterial disease (PAD). C. Explain the clinical presentation and diagnostic evaluation of acute and chronic limb ischemia.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG25.2	A. Discuss the indications for surgical and endovascular interventions in PAD, including angioplasty and bypass surgery. B. Explain the management of aortic aneurysms, including surveillance, open repair, and endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR). C. Recognize the complications of arterial disorders, including embolism, thrombosis, and critical limb ischemia. D. Discuss the role of lifestyle modification and pharmacological therapy in the prevention of arterial disease. E. Explain the principles of postoperative care and rehabilitation in vascular surgery.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Venous Disorder

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG26.1	A. Describe the anatomy and function of the venous system, including superficial and deep veins. B. Discuss the pathophysiology and risk factors of chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) and varicose veins. C. Explain the clinical presentation and diagnostic approach to deep vein thrombosis (DVT). D. Discuss the medical and surgical management of varicose veins, including sclerotherapy, vein stripping, and endovenous ablation.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG26.2	A. Explain the complications of untreated venous disorders, including venous ulcers and post-thrombotic syndrome. B. Discuss the indications for anticoagulation therapy in venous thromboembolism (VTE). C. Explain the role of compression therapy and lifestyle modifications in the management of venous disorders. D. Recognize the importance of thromboprophylaxis in hospitalized and post-surgical patients.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Lymphatic Disorder

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG27.1	A. Explain the anatomy and physiology of the lymphatic system and its role in immune function. B. Discuss the pathophysiology and causes of lymphedema, including primary and secondary lymphedema. C. Recognize the clinical presentation and diagnostic evaluation of lymphatic obstruction. D. Discuss the conservative and surgical management of lymphedema, including compression therapy and lymphovenous anastomosis.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG27.2	A. Explain the role of lymph node biopsy in the staging of malignancies. B. Discuss the diagnosis and management of lymphadenopathy, including infectious, inflammatory, and neoplastic causes. C. Recognize the complications of chronic lymphedema, including cellulitis and lymphangiosarcoma. D. Discuss the impact of lymphatic disorders on quality of life and rehabilitation strategies.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

DVT & Gangrene

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG28.1	A. Explain the pathophysiology and risk factors for deep vein thrombosis (DVT), including Virchow’s triad. B. Discuss the clinical presentation and diagnostic approach to DVT, including D-dimer testing and Doppler ultrasound. C. Explain the principles of anticoagulation therapy in DVT management, including indications and complications. D. Discuss the pathophysiology and classification of gangrene, including dry, wet, and gas gangrene.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG28.2	A. Explain the clinical features and management of Fournier’s gangrene and necrotizing fasciitis. B. Recognize the indications for surgical debridement and amputation in gangrenous conditions. C. Discuss the role of hyperbaric oxygen therapy in managing gas gangrene. D. Explain the importance of thromboprophylaxis in preventing DVT in surgical and immobilized patients.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Shock & Hemorrhage

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG29.1	A. Define shock and classify its types, including hypovolemic, cardiogenic, distributive, and obstructive shock. B. Discuss the pathophysiology and compensatory mechanisms of shock. C. Explain the clinical presentation and diagnostic approach to shock, including hemodynamic monitoring. D. Discuss the principles of fluid resuscitation, including crystalloid and colloid solutions.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG29.2	A. Explain the management of hemorrhagic shock, including blood transfusion and damage control resuscitation. B. Discuss the indications for massive transfusion protocols in trauma and surgical patients. C. Recognize the complications of shock, including multi-organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS). D. Explain the role of vasopressors and inotropes in managing different types of shock.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Blood Transfusion

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG30.1	A. Explain the principles of blood transfusion, including blood grouping, crossmatching, and compatibility testing. B. Discuss the indications and contraindications for blood transfusion in surgical practice. C. Describe the different blood products (whole blood, packed red blood cells, platelets, fresh frozen plasma, cryoprecipitate) and their clinical use. D. Recognize the complications of blood transfusion, including hemolytic reactions, febrile reactions, and transfusion-related infections.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG30.2	A. Discuss the management of massive transfusion protocols in trauma and perioperative settings. B. Explain the principles of autologous blood transfusion and intraoperative cell salvage. C. Discuss the role of transfusion in managing anemia and coagulopathy in surgical patients. D. Explain the ethical considerations and guidelines for safe blood donation and transfusion practices.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Surgery \ Grade 4

Code: SURG 402    Credits: 11

Abdominal wall, hernias & umbilicus

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG1.1	Describe the anatomy of the abdominal wall, including the layers, musculature, and fascial planes, and explain their relevance to hernia formation.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG1.2	Differentiate between various types of hernias (inguinal, femoral, umbilical, incisional, etc.) based on clinical presentation, risk factors, and imaging findings.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Abdominal wall, hernias & umbilicus

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG2.1	Recognize the clinical signs of hernia incarceration and strangulation, such as pain, tenderness, and systemic signs of ischemia, and explain their surgical urgency.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG2.2	Formulate a surgical management plan for hernias, including indications for open versus laparoscopic repair, use of mesh, and potential complications such as recurrence or strangulation.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Abdominal wall, hernias & umbilicus

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG3.1	Discuss the complications of hernia surgery, such as recurrence, chronic pain, mesh infections, and testicular ischemia in inguinal hernia repair.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG3.2	Formulate an emergency management plan for a patient presenting with a strangulated hernia, including preoperative stabilization and surgical intervention.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Abdominal wall, hernias & umbilicus

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG4.1	Interpret imaging studies (ultrasound and CT scan) in evaluating complex hernias, including differentiating hernias from abdominal wall masses.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG4.2	Compare the surgical techniques for hernia repair, including Lichtenstein repair, laparoscopic transabdominal preperitoneal (TAPP) repair, and totally extraperitoneal (TEP) repair, emphasizing indications and complications.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Peritoneum, omentum & retroperitoneal space

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG5.1	Describe the function of the peritoneum and omentum in fluid dynamics, immune defense, and surgical repair (e.g., omental patch for perforated ulcers).	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG5.2	Differentiate between types of peritonitis (primary vs. secondary) based on pathophysiology, microbial causes, and clinical manifestations.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Peritoneum, omentum & retroperitoneal space

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG6.1	Explain the diagnostic criteria and management of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP), including its association with cirrhosis and ascites.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG6.2	Formulate a management plan for patients with peritoneal tuberculosis, including diagnostic peritoneal biopsy and long-term antibiotic therapy.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Peritoneum, omentum & retroperitoneal space

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG7.1	Evaluate the indications for peritoneal dialysis, its complications (peritonitis, ultrafiltration failure), and surgical approaches for peritoneal catheter placement.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG7.2	Discuss retroperitoneal hematoma, its causes (e.g., anticoagulation, trauma, ruptured aortic aneurysm), and surgical versus conservative management.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Esophagus

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG8.1	Describe the anatomical and physiological mechanisms of esophageal motility and sphincter function, including their role in GERD and achalasia.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG8.2	Interpret diagnostic investigations for esophageal disorders, including barium swallow, esophageal manometry, and upper GI endoscopy.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Esophagus

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG9.1	Explain the pathophysiology of GERD, Barrett’s esophagus, and their progression to esophageal adenocarcinoma.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG9.2	Discuss the medical management of GERD (PPIs, H2 blockers) and the indications for surgical intervention (e.g., Nissen fundoplication).	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Esophagus

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG9.1	Differentiate between squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma of the esophagus based on risk factors, clinical presentation, and treatment options.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG9.2	Interpret diagnostic investigations for esophageal disorders, including barium swallow, esophageal manometry, and upper GI endoscopy.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Esophagus

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG10.1	Explain the pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and emergency management of esophageal perforation (Boerhaave syndrome).	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG10.2	Outline the endoscopic and surgical management of esophageal varices in patients with portal hypertension.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Stomach & Duodenum

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG11.1	Explain the mechanisms of gastric acid secretion and its regulation by gastrin, histamine, and vagal stimulation, including its role in PUD.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG11.2	Differentiate between gastric and duodenal ulcers based on clinical presentation, risk factors, and complications.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Stomach & Duodenum

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG12.1	Interpret endoscopic findings in peptic ulcer disease and recognize alarm symptoms that warrant urgent evaluation.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG12.2	Discuss the management of peptic ulcer bleeding, including endoscopic hemostasis techniques and surgical interventions.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Stomach & Duodenum

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG13.1	Outline the diagnostic workup for gastric cancer, including biopsy, endoscopic ultrasound, and tumor markers.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG13.2	Outline the diagnostic workup for gastric cancer, including biopsy, endoscopic ultrasound, and tumor markers.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Stomach & Duodenum

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG14.1	Describe the indications and techniques for gastric resection (e.g., subtotal gastrectomy, total gastrectomy) and their long-term complications.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG14.2	Formulate a treatment strategy for Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, including medical and surgical approaches.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Upper GI Bleeding

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG15.1	Identify the common causes of upper GI bleeding, including peptic ulcer disease, varices, and malignancy, based on clinical history and endoscopic findings. Describe the initial resuscitation and stabilization of a patient with upper GI bleeding, including airway management, fluid resuscitation, and transfusion strategies.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG15.2	Compare the therapeutic options for upper GI bleeding, including endoscopic hemostasis, pharmacologic therapy, and surgical interventions.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Liver

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG16.1	Describe the functional anatomy of the liver and its relevance to hepatic surgery, liver resection, and transplantation.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG16.2	Differentiate between benign and malignant liver lesions, including focal nodular hyperplasia, hepatocellular carcinoma, and metastatic liver disease.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Liver

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG17.1	Discuss the surgical management of liver diseases, including indications for hepatic resection, portal vein embolization, and liver transplantation.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG17.2	Interpret imaging findings (ultrasound, CT, MRI) used in the diagnosis of hepatic tumors, including benign (hemangioma, focal nodular hyperplasia) and malignant (HCC, metastatic liver disease) lesions.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Liver

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG18.1	Describe the management of liver trauma, including grading of liver injuries and indications for conservative versus surgical intervention.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG18.2	Explain the pathophysiology and treatment of hepatic abscesses, including pyogenic and amoebic abscesses.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Liver

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG19.1	Discuss the indications, techniques, and complications of liver resection (hepatectomy) and liver transplantation	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG19.2	Explain the pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and diagnostic approach to liver cirrhosis, including complications such as portal hypertension and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Gall bladder & bile ducts

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG20.1	Describe the anatomy of the biliary system and its clinical relevance to gallstone formation and bile flow obstruction.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG20.1	Explain the pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and complications of acute cholecystitis, including emphysematous and gangrenous cholecystitis.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Gall bladder & bile ducts

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG21.1	Interpret ultrasound and MRCP findings in choledocholithiasis and biliary obstruction.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG21.1	Discuss the indications for laparoscopic versus open cholecystectomy and the management of bile duct injuries.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Gall bladder & bile ducts

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG22.1	Differentiate between benign and malignant causes of obstructive jaundice, including primary sclerosing cholangitis and cholangiocarcinoma.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG22.2	Explain the role of ERCP and percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC) in the management of bile duct diseases.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Gall bladder & bile ducts

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG23.1	Describe the clinical features, diagnosis, and surgical management of gallbladder cancer.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG23.2	Discuss the complications of gallstone disease, including gallstone ileus and Mirizzi syndrome, and their management.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Spleen & portal hypertension

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG24.1	Describe the anatomical and physiological functions of the spleen and its role in hematologic and infectious diseases	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG24.2	Discuss the clinical presentation and surgical management of hypersplenism, splenic trauma, and indications for splenectomy	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Spleen & portal hypertension

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG25.1	Explain the pathophysiology, complications, and surgical options for portal hypertension, including shunt procedures	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG25.2	Explain the pathophysiology and surgical approach to hypersplenism and splenomegaly in conditions such as portal hypertension and hematologic malignancies	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Pancreas

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG26.1	Describe the anatomical structure and exocrine/endocrine function of the pancreas and their clinical relevance to pancreatic diseases.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG26.2	Explain the pathophysiology of acute pancreatitis, including causes (gallstones, alcohol, hypertriglyceridemia, trauma) and the role of pancreatic enzyme activation in autodigestion.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Pancreas

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG27.1	Differentiate between mild, severe, and necrotizing pancreatitis based on clinical presentation, Ranson’s criteria, and the Atlanta classification	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG27.2	Discuss imaging modalities (CT, MRCP, EUS) in the diagnosis of pancreatic diseases and their role in guiding management.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Pancreas

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG28.1	Outline the stepwise management of acute pancreatitis, including fluid resuscitation, nutritional support, antibiotics, and indications for surgical intervention.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG28.2	Describe the development and management of pancreatic pseudocysts and walled-off necrosis, including percutaneous, endoscopic, and surgical drainage techniques.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Acute abdomen

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG29.1	Identify the key causes of an acute abdomen and differentiate between surgical and non-surgical etiologies	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG29.2	Describe the systematic approach to diagnosing an acute abdomen, including history, examination, and imaging. Discuss the emergency surgical interventions for conditions such as perforated viscus, bowel ischemia, and peritonitis	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Functional disorders of the intestine

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG30.1	Differentiate between irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and functional bowel disorders based on Rome criteria	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG30.2	Discuss the role of dietary, medical, and psychological therapies in the management of functional GI disorders	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Functional disorders of the intestine

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG31.1	Evaluate the indications for surgical intervention in severe refractory cases of intestinal dysmotility	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG31.2	Evaluate the indications for surgical intervention in severe refractory cases of intestinal dysmotility	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Small intestine

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG32.1	Describe the anatomy and physiology of the small intestine, including its role in digestion, absorption, and immune function	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG32.2	Explain the pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and complications of Crohn’s disease, and differentiate it from ulcerative colitis.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Small intestine

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG33.1	Interpret imaging findings (CT enterography, MRE, capsule endoscopy) in small intestinal pathology	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG33.2	Discuss the causes, diagnosis, and management of small bowel obstruction, including conservative vs. surgical treatment	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Inflammatory bowel disease

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG34.1	Describe the surgical indications for Crohn’s disease, including bowel resection and stricturoplasty, and their long-term outcome	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG34.2	Compare Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis in terms of pathology, clinical presentation, and complications.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Inflammatory bowel disease

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG35.1	Describe the medical and surgical treatment options for IBD, including indications for colectomy	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG35.2	Discuss the role of minimally invasive surgery in IBD management and postoperative complications	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Vermiform appendix

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG36.1	Describe the pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and differential diagnosis of acute appendicitis, including atypical presentations	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG36.2	Interpret diagnostic modalities for appendicitis, including ultrasound, CT scan, and MRI, and their role in surgical decision-making.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Vermiform appendix

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG37.1	Discuss the surgical management of appendicitis, including open versus laparoscopic appendectomy, and complications such as perforation and abscess formation	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG37.2	Describe the management of appendiceal mass and appendiceal abscess, including conservative versus surgical approaches.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Vermiform appendix

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG38.1	Explain the surgical management of rare appendiceal tumors, such as mucinous neoplasms and carcinoid tumors	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG38.2	Discuss the complications of appendectomy, including stump appendicitis and wound infections.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Large intestine

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG39.1	Describe the gross and microscopic anatomy of the large intestine and its functional role in water absorption and stool formation.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG39.2	A. Differentiate between diverticulosis and diverticulitis, including risk factors, clinical presentation, and complications B. Health promotion Advocate for colorectal cancer screening starting at age 45 or earlier if family history exists. C. Educate on warning signs like rectal bleeding, change in bowel habits, and unexplained weight loss.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Large intestine

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG40.1	Explain the management of sigmoid and cecal volvulus, including endoscopic decompression and surgical detorsion or resection.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG40.2	Discuss the role of colonoscopy in colorectal cancer screening and the management of polyps to prevent malignant transformation.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Large intestine

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG41.1	Discuss the pathogenesis and molecular progression of colorectal cancer, including hereditary syndromes (Lynch syndrome, FAP).	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG41.2	Interpret imaging findings (CT, colonoscopy, barium enema) for colorectal diseases and discuss their diagnostic value.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Intestinal obstruction

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG42.1	Differentiate between mechanical and functional intestinal obstruction based on etiology, pathophysiology, and clinical presentation.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG42.2	Discuss the causes of mechanical obstruction (e.g., adhesions, hernias, malignancies) and their respective management strategies.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Intestinal obstruction

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG43.1	Differentiate between mechanical and functional intestinal obstruction based on etiology, pathophysiology, and clinical presentation.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG43.2	Discuss the causes of mechanical obstruction (e.g., adhesions, hernias, malignancies) and their respective management strategies.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Intestinal obstruction

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG44.1	Describe the principles of non-operative management, including nasogastric decompression, fluid resuscitation, and electrolyte correction.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG44.2	Explain the indications for surgical intervention in bowel obstruction, including criteria for strangulation.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Rectum

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG45.1	Describe the anatomical and physiological aspects of the rectum and their importance in rectal surgery.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG45.2	Differentiate between benign and malignant rectal conditions, including rectal prolapse and rectal cancer, based on clinical and imaging findings.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Rectum

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG46.1	Discuss surgical approaches to rectal cancer, including low anterior resection, abdominoperineal resection, and sphincter-preserving techniques.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG46.2	A. Describe the management of rectal prolapse, including conservative and surgical treatment options. B. Discuss the surgical and non-surgical management of rectal trauma and its complications.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Anus & anal Canal

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG47.1	Describe the anatomy of the anal canal and its role in continence, defecation, and common pathological conditions.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG47.2	Interpret proctoscopy and endoanal ultrasound findings in anal disorders.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Anus & anal Canal

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG48.1	Differentiate between internal and external hemorrhoids based on clinical features, grading, and management options (medical, procedural, surgical).	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG48.2	Explain the pathophysiology, symptoms, and treatment of anal fissures, including conservative and surgical approaches (lateral internal sphincterotomy).	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Anus & anal Canal

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG49.1	Discuss the etiology and surgical management of perianal abscess and fistula-in-ano using Goodsall’s rule.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG49.2	Explain the risk factors, clinical presentation, and management of anal carcinoma, including the role of chemoradiotherapy.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Lower G I T Bleeding

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG50.1	A. Identify the common causes of lower GI bleeding, including diverticular disease, ischemic colitis, and colorectal cancer. B. Describe the diagnostic approach to lower GI bleeding, including colonoscopy, angiography, and radionuclide scanning.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG50.2	Discuss the treatment options, including endoscopic, pharmacologic, and surgical interventions for severe lower GI bleeding.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Neck: cysts, tumors & LAP

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG51.1	Differentiate between congenital, inflammatory, and neoplastic neck masses based on clinical and imaging findings.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG51.1	Explain the role of fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC), ultrasound, and CT/MRI in the diagnosis of neck masses.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Neck: cysts, tumors & LAP

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG52.1	Discuss the surgical management of common neck masses, including branchial cleft cysts, thyroglossal duct cysts, and metastatic lymphadenopathy.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG52.1	Discuss the complications of untreated congenital neck cysts, including infection, fistula formation, and malignant transformation. Explain the differential diagnosis of midline and lateral neck masses, including lymphoma and metastatic lymphadenopathy.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Salivary glands, oral cavity & tongue

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG53.1	Describe the anatomy and function of the salivary glands and oral cavity and their relevance to surgical diseases.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG53.2	Differentiate between benign and malignant salivary gland tumors and their respective surgical management.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG54.1	Discuss the surgical approach to oral cavity cancers, including resection, reconstruction, and postoperative rehabilitation.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG54.2	A. Explain the pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and management of salivary gland infections (sialadenitis) and sialolithiasis. B. Differentiate between benign and malignant (mucoepidermoid carcinoma, adenoid cystic carcinoma) salivary gland tumors.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Thyroid & parathyroid glands & Other endocrine disorders

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG55.1	Describe the anatomy, physiology, and embryology of the thyroid gland and its relevance to surgical disease. Explain the clinical presentation, diagnosis, and classification of thyroid nodules, including the Bethesda system for fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC).	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG55.2	Discuss the management of benign thyroid disorders, including multinodular goiter and Graves’ disease, with an emphasis on surgical indications.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Thyroid & parathyroid glands & Other endocrine disorders

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG56.1	Explain the different types of thyroid cancer (papillary, follicular, medullary, anaplastic) and their respective surgical and adjuvant treatment strategies.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG56.2	Describe the surgical techniques for total thyroidectomy, hemithyroidectomy, and central neck dissection.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Thyroid & parathyroid glands & Other endocrine disorders

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG57.1	A. Discuss the complications of thyroid surgery, including recurrent laryngeal nerve injury, hypocalcemia, and thyroid storm. B. Health promotion C. Encourage iodized salt intake to prevent iodine deficiency goiter. D. Raise awareness of neck swelling, hoarseness, and unexplained fatigue as early symptoms. E. Promote routine thyroid function testing in populations with autoimmune disease or family history. F. Discourage unnecessary exposure to ionizing radiation in children and adolescents.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG57.2	Interpret imaging (ultrasound, CT) and biochemical tests (TSH, free T4, calcitonin) used in thyroid disease evaluation.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Thyroid & parathyroid glands & Other endocrine disorders

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG58.1	Formulate a perioperative management plan for a patient undergoing thyroidectomy, including airway considerations and calcium monitoring.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG58.2	Explain the clinical presentation, diagnosis, and classification of thyroid nodules, including the Bethesda system for fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC).	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Breast

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG59.1	Discuss the molecular classification of breast cancer and its implications for targeted therapy.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG59.2	Explain the principles of breast-conserving surgery and mastectomy, including indications and contraindications.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Breast

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG60.1	Describe the role of sentinel lymph node biopsy and axillary lymph node dissection in breast cancer staging.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG60.2	Discuss the management of gynecomastia, including medical and surgical options.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Breast

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG61.1	Outline the reconstructive options following mastectomy, including implant-based and autologous reconstruction.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG62.2	Interpret mammography, ultrasound, and MRI findings in breast pathology.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Preoperative care including the high-risk surgical patient

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG63.1	Describe the principles of preoperative assessment, including risk stratification and optimization strategies.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG63.2	Discuss perioperative risk reduction in high-risk surgical patients, including those with cardiovascular, respiratory, and metabolic comorbidities.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Day case surgery

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG64.1	Discuss potential complications and post-discharge care in day-case surgical patients.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG64.2	Identify the criteria for patient selection in day-case surgery and the benefits over inpatient surgery. Describe anesthesia and analgesia considerations in day-case surgery.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Postoperative care including perioperative optimization

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG65.1	Describe the principles of postoperative monitoring, pain management, and early mobilization.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG65.2	Discuss strategies for managing common postoperative complications, including infections, DVT, and ileus. Explain the role of nutrition and rehabilitation in postoperative recovery.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Diagnostic imaging

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG66.1	Describe the indications and limitations of key imaging modalities in surgical practice, including ultrasound, CT, MRI, and PET scans.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG66.2	Interpret common radiological findings relevant to surgical conditions. Discuss the role of interventional radiology in minimally invasive surgical management.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Basic surgical skill

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG67.1	Describe principles of hemostasis, tissue handling, and wound closure. Discuss the prevention and management of surgical site infections.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG67.2	Demonstrate fundamental surgical techniques, including asepsis, suturing, and instrument handling.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Principles of minimal access surgery

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG68.1	Explain the advantages and limitations of laparoscopic and robotic surgery. Discuss the principles of insufflation, trocar placement, and ergonomic considerations in minimally invasive surgery.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG68.2	Describe common laparoscopic procedures and their complications.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Bariatric and metabolic surgery

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG69.1	Describe the indications, contraindications, and patient selection for bariatric surgery. Compare different bariatric procedures, including gastric bypass and sleeve gastrectomy.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG69.2	Discuss the long-term complications and metabolic effects of bariatric surgery.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Surgical audit & research

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG70.1	Explain the principles of surgical audit and evidence-based practice. Describe the key steps in designing and conducting clinical research in surgery.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG70.2	Discuss the importance of outcome measurement and quality improvement in surgical practice.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Ethics and law in surgical practice

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG71.1	Describe the ethical principles governing surgical practice, including consent and autonomy.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG71.2	Discuss legal aspects related to medical negligence, malpractice, and surgical documentation. Explain the ethical dilemmas in end-of-life surgical care and decision-making.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Human factors, patient safety, quality improvement

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG72.1	Discuss strategies to improve surgical outcomes through teamwork and communication. Describe quality improvement initiatives and protocols in surgical practice.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG72.2	Explain the role of human factors in surgical errors and patient safety.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Global health surgery

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG73.1	Discuss the burden of surgical diseases in low-resource settings and global surgical disparities. Describe strategies for improving surgical care in underserved populations.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG73.2	Explain the role of international collaborations in strengthening surgical capacity worldwide.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Urinary symptoms, signs & investigations

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG74.1	a) Differentiate common urinary symptoms such as dysuria, frequency, urgency, hematuria, nocturia, and incontinence, and correlate them with underlying urologic conditions like (UTIs), (BPH), urolithiasis, and bladder tumors. b) Explain the pathophysiological mechanisms leading to irritative and obstructive urinary symptoms, including the roles of detrusor overactivity, bladder outlet obstruction, and neurogenic dysfunction. c) Conduct a comprehensive history and physical examination focusing on urinary symptoms, including assessment of fluid intake/output, voiding patterns, and digital rectal examination for prostate evaluation.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG74.2	A. Interpret laboratory investigations such as urinalysis, urine culture, serum creatinine, and prostate specific antigen (PSA) levels in the context of diagnosing urinary tract pathologies. B. Utilize imaging modalities like ultrasound, computed tomography (CT) urography, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) appropriately to evaluate structural abnormalities of the urinary tract. C. Recognize ‘red flag’ symptoms that may indicate malignancy and necessitate prompt further investigation.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Urothelial tumors (renal pelvis, ureter & bladder)

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG75.1	A. Describe the epidemiology and risk factors for urothelial tumors, including smoking, occupational exposures, and chronic inflammation. B. Explain the pathogenesis of urothelial carcinoma, focusing on genetic mutations and the role of environmental carcinogens. C. Identify clinical presentations of upper and lower urinary tract urothelial tumors, such as painless hematuria and flank pain.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG75.2	A. Outline the diagnostic workup, including urine cytology, cystoscopy, and imaging studies like CT urography, for detecting urothelial tumors. B. Discuss the staging and grading systems for urothelial carcinoma and their implications for prognosis and treatment planning. C. Review treatment modalities for non-muscle-invasive and muscle-invasive bladder cancer, including transurethral resection, intravesical therapy, radical cystectomy, and systemic chemotherapy.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Renal parenchymal tumors

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG76.1	A. Classify renal parenchymal tumors, differentiating between benign entities (e.g., oncocytoma) and malignant tumors (e.g., renal cell carcinoma). B. Discuss the genetic and molecular pathogenesis of renal cell carcinoma, including the role of von Hippel-Lindau gene mutations. C. Recognize typical clinical manifestations of renal tumors, such as hematuria, flank pain, and palpable mass, and the prevalence of incidental findings on imaging.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG76.2	A. Evaluate the role of imaging modalities like ultrasound, CT, and MRI in characterizing renal masses and guiding biopsy decisions. B. Explain the TNM staging system for renal cell carcinoma and its prognostic significance.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Urolithiasis part 1

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG77.1	a) Describe the epidemiology and risk factors for urinary stone disease, including dietary habits, fluid intake, and metabolic disorders. b) Explain the pathophysiology of stone formation, focusing on supersaturation, crystallization, and the role of inhibitors and promoters in urine.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG77.2	c) Describe the epidemiology and risk factors for urinary stone disease, including dietary habits, fluid intake, and metabolic disorders. d) Explain the pathophysiology of stone formation, focusing on supersaturation, crystallization, and the role of inhibitors and promoters in urine.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Urolithiasis part 2

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG78.1	A. Review surgical treatment options for urinary stones, including extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL), ureteroscopy with laser lithotripsy, and percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL), and their indications based on stone characteristics. B. Discuss the complications associated with stone surgeries, such as bleeding, infection, and ureteral injury, and strategies to minimize these risks.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG78.2	A. Explain the metabolic evaluation of recurrent stone formers, including 24-hour urine analysis and specific tests for underlying disorders like hyperparathyroidism. B. Develop dietary and pharmacological prevention strategies tailored to the type of stone, such as calcium supplementation for oxalate stones or alkalinization for uric acid stones. C. Describe the role of citrate therapy in preventing stone recurrence and the mechanisms by which it inhibits stone formation.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Incontinence & neurogenic bladder

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG79.1	A. Differentiate between types of urinary incontinence, including stress, urge, overflow, functional, and mixed incontinence, based on pathophysiology and clinical presentation. B. Explain the neurological control of micturition and how lesions at different levels of the nervous system can lead to neurogenic bladder dysfunction.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG79.2	A. Conduct a focused history and physical examination to evaluate incontinence, including assessment of pelvic floor strength and neurological status. B. Utilize diagnostic tools such as bladder diaries, pad tests, and urodynamic studies to characterize incontinence and guide management.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Disorders of the kidneys (congenital & acquired)

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG80.1	A. Identify congenital renal anomalies, such as horseshoe kidney, renal agenesis, ectopic kidney, and polycystic kidney disease, and explain their embryological origins. B. Describe acquired renal disorders, including diabetic nephropathy, hypertensive nephrosclerosis, and glomerulonephritis, focusing on pathophysiology. C. Explain clinical presentations of congenital renal anomalies (e.g., urinary tract infections, abdominal mass) and acquired diseases (e.g., proteinuria, hypertension).	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG80.2	A. Interpret relevant investigations, including renal ultrasound, voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG), and renal function tests in patients with suspected renal disorders. B. Review the management of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD), including blood pressure control, pain management, and treatment of cyst infections.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Vesicoureteral reflux disease

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG81.1	A. Define vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) and describe its primary (congenital) and secondary (acquired) forms. B. Explain the pathophysiology of VUR, particularly how it leads to recurrent UTIs and renal scarring in children. C. Describe the clinical presentation, including febrile UTIs in infants/children, failure to thrive, and hypertension.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG81.2	A. Interpret imaging studies such as VCUG and DMSA scan in the diagnosis and assessment of renal damage from VUR. B. Classify VUR into five grades, and correlate each grade with risk of renal damage and treatment strategy. C. Review conservative management, including continuous antibiotic prophylaxis (CAP) and monitoring for spontaneous resolution.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Disorders of the ureters (congenital & acquired)

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG82.1	A. Identify congenital ureteral anomalies, such as duplicated ureters, ureterocele, and ectopic ureters, and describe their developmental basis. B. Explain acquired disorders, including ureteral strictures, trauma, and iatrogenic injuries (e.g., post-gynecologic surgery).	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG82.2	A. Recognize symptoms of ureteral obstruction, such as flank pain, recurrent UTIs, and hydronephrosis. B. Utilize appropriate imaging, including ultrasound, intravenous pyelogram (IVP), and CT urography, to assess ureteral abnormalities.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Disorders of the urinary bladder (congenital & acquired)

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG83.1	A. List common congenital anomalies, including bladder exstrophy, epispadias, and posterior urethral valves (PUV), and their embryological origin. B. Describe acquired bladder conditions, such as cystitis (bacterial and interstitial), neurogenic bladder, and bladder diverticula. C. Explain pathophysiology of urinary retention, detrusor overactivity, and bladder compliance disorders.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG83.2	A. Recognize presenting features, including voiding dysfunction, recurrent UTIs, and lower abdominal pain. B. Interpret diagnostic studies, including cystoscopy, urodynamics, and bladder ultrasound, for structural and functional assessment. C. Discuss medical treatment of interstitial cystitis and overactive bladder, including antimuscarinics and bladder instillations. D. Review surgical options, including bladder augmentation and valve ablation for PUV. E. Emphasize long-term complications, such as vesicoureteral reflux and renal failure in untreated bladder dysfunction.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Disorders of the urethra & penis (congenital & acquired)

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG84.1	A. Describe common congenital anomalies such as hypospadias, epispadias, chordee, and meatal stenosis, including embryological development. B. Discuss acquired urethral disorders, including strictures, trauma, and infections (e.g., gonococcal urethritis). C. Explain the clinical presentation of urethral pathology—dysuria, weak urinary stream, penile curvature, and obstructive symptoms. D. Outline diagnostic tools, including retrograde urethrogram (RUG), cystoscopy, and uroflowmetry.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG84.2	A. Review management of hypospadias, including surgical correction timing and techniques. B. Describe treatment of urethral stricture, such as dilation, urethrotomy, or urethroplasty.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Trauma to genitourinary tract part 1 (upper tract injury)

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG85.1	A. Classify renal trauma into blunt and penetrating injuries and describe the grading (AAST classification). B. Explain mechanisms of upper urinary tract trauma, especially in blunt abdominal trauma and high-velocity injuries. C. Recognize clinical signs of renal trauma: hematuria, flank ecchymosis, and hypotension.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG85.2	A. Interpret imaging studies, especially CT with contrast, for renal and ureteric injuries. B. Discuss conservative vs surgical management based on injury grade (I–V), hemodynamic stability, and associated injuries.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Trauma to genitourinary tract part 2 (lower tract injury)

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG86.1	A. Identify mechanisms of bladder and urethral trauma, especially pelvic fractures and straddle injuries. B. Differentiate between intraperitoneal and extraperitoneal bladder rupture based on mechanism and imaging findings. C. Explain signs of urethral injury, including blood at the meatus, inability to void, and high-riding prostate.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG86.2	A. Use diagnostic tools like retrograde urethrogram (RUG) and cystography for assessment. B. Discuss immediate management, including catheterization techniques and when to avoid urethral catheterization.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Disorders of the adrenal gland

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG87.1	A. Describe adrenal anatomy and hormone production, including cortisol, aldosterone, and catecholamines. B. Explain pathophysiology and clinical features of adrenal disorders like Cushing’s syndrome, Conn’s syndrome, and pheochromocytoma.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG87.2	A. Recognize diagnostic clues—hypertension, hypokalemia, hirsutism, or episodic headaches. B. Order appropriate tests, including 24-hour urine cortisol, dexamethasone suppression test, renin-aldosterone ratio, and plasma metanephrines. C. Interpret adrenal imaging, including CT/MRI for adenoma, carcinoma, or pheochromocytoma.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Acute kidney injury & obstructive uropathy

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG88.1	A. Describe adrenal anatomy and hormone production, including cortisol, aldosterone, and catecholamines. B. Explain pathophysiology and clinical features of adrenal disorders like Cushing’s syndrome, Conn’s syndrome, and pheochromocytoma.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG88.2	A. Recognize diagnostic clues—hypertension, hypokalemia, hirsutism, or episodic headaches. B. Order appropriate tests, including 24-hour urine cortisol, dexamethasone suppression test, renin-aldosterone ratio, and plasma metanephrines.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Chronic kidney disease & Renal transplantation

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG89.1	A. Define CKD stages based on GFR and albuminuria, and outline common causes (e.g., diabetes, hypertension, glomerulonephritis). B. Describe clinical manifestations, including anemia, acidosis, bone disease, and uremic symptoms. C. Interpret investigations, such as eGFR, serum creatinine, and renal ultrasound in CKD workup.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG89.2	A. Explain medical management, including BP control, glycemic control, ACE inhibitors/ARBs, and phosphate binders. B. Describe indications and contraindications for renal transplantation and criteria for donor selection.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Infertility & Erectile Dysfunction

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG90.1	A. Define male infertility, including pre-testicular, testicular, and post-testicular causes. B. Review common causes of erectile dysfunction (ED)—vascular, neurogenic, psychogenic, and hormonal. C. Describe clinical evaluation, including sexual history, physical exam, and hormonal profile.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG90.2	A. Interpret semen analysis, and discuss abnormal findings (oligospermia, asthenospermia, azoospermia). B. Discuss treatment of infertility, including varicocelectomy, hormonal therapy, and assisted reproductive techniques (IVF/ICSI).	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Neoplasm of Prostate Gland (Benign & Malignant)

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG91.1	A. Differentiate BPH and prostate cancer based on clinical, lab, and imaging findings. B. Describe pathophysiology of BPH (hormonal effects on prostatic stroma) and prostate cancer (androgen-dependent adenocarcinoma).	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG91.2	A. Explain symptoms, such as LUTS in BPH and asymptomatic rise in PSA in early prostate cancer. B. Interpret investigations, including PSA, DRE, transrectal ultrasound, and prostate biopsy. C. Discuss BPH treatment, including alpha-blockers, 5-alpha reductase inhibitors, and TURP. Health Promotion: • Promote annual prostate exams and PSA testing for men aged 50+, or 40+ with risk factors (e.g., African ancestry, family history). • Encourage regular physical activity and a healthy diet low in saturated fat. • Educate on urinary symptoms (frequency, urgency, weak stream) and encourage early medical consultation. • Discourage smoking, as it’s associated with aggressive prostate cancer.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Disorders of Scrotum (Acute Scrotal Conditions)

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG92.1	A. Recognize acute scrotal emergencies, such as testicular torsion, epididymo-orchitis, and torsion of appendix testis. B. Describe clinical features—onset, pain pattern, swelling, and Prehn’s sign.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG92.2	A. Use Doppler ultrasound to differentiate torsion (absent flow) from infection (increased flow). B. Discuss urgent management of torsion, including surgical exploration and bilateral orchiopexy.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Disorders of Scrotum (Chronic Scrotal Conditions)

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG93.1	A. Describe common chronic scrotal conditions, such as hydrocele, varicocele, spermatocele, and chronic epididymitis. B. Explain pathophysiology of hydrocele (imbalance in fluid production/absorption) and varicocele (venous reflux).	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG93.2	A. Recognize physical findings, such as transillumination (hydrocele), “bag of worms” (varicocele). B. Use scrotal ultrasound for confirmation and evaluation of testicular size and blood flow. C. Discuss treatment options, including hydrocelectomy, varicocelectomy, or conservative management.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Neoplasms of the Genital Tract (Testis, Penis & Seminal Vesicle)

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG94.1	A. Classify testicular tumors (seminomas vs non-seminomatous germ cell tumors) and describe their age-related incidence and risk factors (e.g., cryptorchidism). B. Recognize clinical features of testicular cancer—painless scrotal mass, gynecomastia, and signs of metastasis.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG94.2	A. Interpret investigations, including scrotal ultrasound and tumor markers (AFP, β-hCG, LDH). B. Describe staging workup, including CT of abdomen/pelvis and chest imaging.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Non-Specific Infections of the Genitourinary Tract

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG95.1	A. List common non-specific infections, including cystitis, prostatitis, pyelonephritis, and epididymitis, with their causative organisms. B. Explain pathophysiology, such as ascending bacterial infection and anatomical predisposition (e.g., vesicoureteral reflux in pyelonephritis). Health Promotion: • Promote good personal hygiene and urination after intercourse in women to reduce UTI risk. • Encourage adequate hydration and regular voiding. • Discourage unnecessary use of antibiotics to prevent resistance.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG95.2	A. Describe symptoms, such as dysuria, urgency, frequency, flank pain, fever, and suprapubic discomfort. B. Interpret diagnostic tests, including urinalysis, urine culture, CBC, and imaging (ultrasound, CT) for complicated infections.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Specific Infections of the Genitourinary Tract

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG96.1	A. Recognize specific infections, including tuberculosis, schistosomiasis, fungal infections, and sexually transmitted infections (e.g., gonorrhea, chlamydia). B. Describe genitourinary tuberculosis, including chronic sterile pyuria, calcified kidneys, and contracted bladder.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG96.2	A. Order appropriate investigations, such as urine AFB cultures, PCR, imaging (IVU, CT), and cystoscopy in suspected TB. B. Outline antituberculous therapy, and recognize when surgical intervention is needed (e.g., nephrectomy or reconstructive bladder surgery).	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Practical

History Taking

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG1.1	Demonstrate effective communication skills: Conduct a thorough and organized patient interview, gathering relevant medical, surgical, and social histories.	K/S/A/C	LARGE GROUP TEACHING, SMALL GROUP, BEDSIDE TEACHING	OSCE, CIVA
SURG1.2	Identify red flags and relevant symptoms: Recognize and document critical symptoms, such as pain, bleeding, or difficulty breathing, and understand their implications for surgical management.	K/S/A/C	LARGE GROUP TEACHING, SMALL GROUP, BEDSIDE TEACHING	OSCE, CIVA

General Physical Examination & Vital Signs

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG2.1	Perform a comprehensive physical examination: Systematically assess the patient's overall health, including vital signs, body mass index (BMI), and general appearance.	K/S/A/C	LARGE GROUP TEACHING, SMALL GROUP, BEDSIDE TEACHING	OSCE, CIVA
SURG2.2	Interpret vital signs and their implications: Understand the significance of abnormal vital signs, such as tachycardia, hypertension, or hypoxia, and their potential impact on surgical decisions.	K/S/A/C	LARGE GROUP TEACHING, SMALL GROUP, BEDSIDE TEACHING	OSCE, CIVA

Head and Neck Examination and Cranial Nerve

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG3.1	Identify normal and abnormal head and neck anatomy: Recognize and document normal anatomical structures, as well as any abnormalities, such as masses, swelling, or cranial nerve deficits.	K/S/A/C	LARGE GROUP TEACHING, SMALL GROUP, BEDSIDE TEACHING	OSCE, CIVA
SURG3.2	Assess head and neck function: Evaluate the patient's ability to swallow, speak, and move their head and neck, identifying any limitations or deficits.	K/S/A/C	LARGE GROUP TEACHING, SMALL GROUP, BEDSIDE TEACHING	OSCE, CIVA

Chest Examination

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG4.1	Perform a thorough chest examination: Systematically assess the chest, including inspection, palpation, percussion, and auscultation.	K/S/A/C	LARGE GROUP TEACHING, SMALL GROUP, BEDSIDE TEACHING	OSCE, CIVA
SURG4.2	Identify respiratory abnormalities: Recognize and document signs of respiratory distress, such as wheezing, coughing, or decreased breath sounds.	K/S/A/C	LARGE GROUP TEACHING, SMALL GROUP, BEDSIDE TEACHING	OSCE, CIVA

Abdominal Examination

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG5.1	Conduct a comprehensive abdominal examination: Systematically assess the abdomen, including inspection, palpation, percussion, and auscultation.	K/S/A/C	LARGE GROUP TEACHING, SMALL GROUP, BEDSIDE TEACHING	OSCE, CIVA
SURG5.2	Perform a genitalia and rectal examination: Conduct a thorough examination of the genitalia and rectum, identifying any abnormalities, such as masses, tenderness, or bleeding.	K/S/A/C	LARGE GROUP TEACHING, SMALL GROUP, BEDSIDE TEACHING	OSCE, CIVA

Hernias & Extremities Examination

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG6.1	Identify and classify hernias: Recognize and document different types of hernias, such as inguinal, umbilical, or incisional hernias.	K/S/A/C	LARGE GROUP TEACHING, SMALL GROUP, BEDSIDE TEACHING	OSCE, CIVA
SURG6.2	Assess extremity function and identify abnormalities: Evaluate the patient's ability to move their extremities, identifying any limitations or deficits, such as weakness, numbness, or tingling.	K/S/A/C	LARGE GROUP TEACHING, SMALL GROUP, BEDSIDE TEACHING	OSCE, CIVA

Lumps, Ulcers, Abscesses

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG7.1	Identify and characterize lumps, ulcers, and abscesses: Recognize and document the location, size, shape, and characteristics of lumps, ulcers, and abscesses.	K/S/A/C	LARGE GROUP TEACHING, SMALL GROUP, BEDSIDE TEACHING	OSCE, CIVA
SURG7.2	Assess the severity and potential complications: Evaluate the severity of the condition and potential complications, such as infection, bleeding, or malignancy.	K/S/A/C	LARGE GROUP TEACHING, SMALL GROUP, BEDSIDE TEACHING	OSCE, CIVA

Thyroid Gland Examination

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG8.1	Perform a thorough thyroid examination: Systematically assess the thyroid gland, including inspection, palpation, and auscultation.	K/S/A/C	LARGE GROUP TEACHING, SMALL GROUP, BEDSIDE TEACHING	OSCE, CIVA
SURG8.2	Identify thyroid abnormalities: Recognize and document signs of thyroid dysfunction, such as goiter, nodules, or tenderness.	K/S/A/C	LARGE GROUP TEACHING, SMALL GROUP, BEDSIDE TEACHING	OSCE, CIVA

Breast & Axilla Examination

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG9.1	Conduct a comprehensive breast examination: Systematically assess the breasts, including inspection, palpation, and axillary node examination.	K/S/A/C	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	OSCE, CIVA
SURG9.2	Identify breast abnormalities: Recognize and document signs of breast disease, such as masses, tenderness, or nipple discharge.	K/S/A/C	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	OSCE, CIVA

Surgery \ Grade 5

Code: SURG 503    Credits: 11.5

Principles in Management of Fractures

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG1.1	A. Explain the biomechanics of bone healing, including primary and secondary fracture healing, and the factors that influence this process. B. Classify fractures based on location, pattern, and mechanism of injury, utilizing common classification systems (e.g., AO classification). C. Health promotion: Promote fall prevention in the elderly: home safety checks, proper footwear, and balance exercises. D. Encourage calcium and vitamin D intake through diet or supplements. E. Promote weight-bearing exercises to maintain bone density. F. Screen for osteoporosis in at-risk populations.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG1.2	A. Differentiate between open and closed fractures and outline the principles of initial management, including wound care, splinting, and antibiotic prophylaxis. B. Discuss the indications for conservative versus surgical management of fractures, including casting, external fixation, and internal fixation techniques. C. Explain the principles of post-fracture rehabilitation, including weight-bearing restrictions and physiotherapy protocols.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Complications of Fractures

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG2.1	A. Describe the pathophysiology of fracture nonunion and malunion and discuss treatment options such as bone grafting and revision surgery. B. Explain the mechanism and clinical presentation of compartment syndrome, including indications for fasciotomy. C. Describe the management of infection in open fractures, including surgical debridement, antibiotic therapy, and staged reconstruction technique.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG2.2	A. Describe post-traumatic osteoarthritis as a long-term complication of intra-articular fractures and its management strategies. B. Explain the principles of management of fat embolism syndrome and its differentiation from other causes of acute respiratory distress in trauma patients.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Injuries of the Upper Limb

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG3.1	Describe the mechanisms, clinical presentation, and management of common shoulder dislocations, including anterior and posterior dislocations.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG3.2	Differentiate between rotator cuff tears and adhesive capsulitis based on clinical features and imaging findings.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG4.1	Explain the pathophysiology and treatment of supracondylar fractures of the humerus in children, including indications for closed reduction and percutaneous pinning.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG4.2	Discuss the management of radial head fractures and Monteggia and Galeazzi fractures based on stability and displacement.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG5.1	Interpret imaging findings in carpal fractures, particularly scaphoid fractures, and discuss the risk of avascular necrosis.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG5.2	Discuss the surgical and non-surgical management of distal radius fractures, including Colles and Smith fractures.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Injuries of the Lower Limb

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG6.1	Describe the classification and management of femoral neck fractures, including indications for fixation versus arthroplasty.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG6.2	Describe the principles of open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) in lower limb fractures.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG7.1	Discuss the management of patellar fractures and extensor mechanism injuries.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG7.2	Explain the clinical presentation and management of tibial plateau fractures and their impact on knee joint function.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG8.1	Discuss the indications for total hip and knee replacement following post-traumatic arthritis.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG8.2	Formulate a rehabilitation protocol for patients recovering from lower limb fractures and joint surgeries.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Principles and Diagnosis in Orthopaedics

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG9.1	A. Explain the role of history-taking and physical examination in diagnosing musculoskeletal conditions. B. Describe the indications and limitations of common orthopedic imaging techniques, including X-ray, CT, MRI, and ultrasound. C. Health promotion: Educate on proper lifting techniques and ergonomic workstation setup. D. Promote physical activity and core strengthening to prevent low back pain. E. Counsel overweight individuals on weight loss to reduce joint stress. F. Encourage early management of joint injuries to prevent chronic problems.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG9.2	A. Differentiate between inflammatory and mechanical musculoskeletal pain based on clinical features and laboratory tests. B. Discuss the role of bone biopsy in diagnosing orthopedic infections and tumors. C. Explain the importance of gait analysis in diagnosing lower limb pathologies.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Treatment of Orthopedic Disorders, Amputations, Diabetic Foot

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG9.1	A. Discuss the indications for limb amputation, including trauma, malignancy, and chronic infection. B. Explain the principles of diabetic foot ulcer management, including wound debridement, offloading, and vascular assessment.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG9.2	A. Describe the classification of diabetic foot infections and their implications for limb salvage. B. Interpret Doppler ultrasound findings in peripheral vascular disease related to diabetic foot complications.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Osteomyelitis

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG10.1	A. Describe the pathophysiology of osteomyelitis, including the mechanisms of hematogenous spread, contiguous infection, and direct inoculation. Classify osteomyelitis into acute, subacute, and chronic types, and differentiate between pyogenic and tuberculous osteomyelitis.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG10.2	B. Discuss the microbiology of osteomyelitis, including the role of Staphylococcus aureus and the importance of culture-guided antibiotic therapy. C. Explain the principles of surgical debridement in chronic osteomyelitis and indications for sequestrectomy and bone grafting. D. Describe the role of antibiotic therapy in osteomyelitis, including the use of biofilm-active agents and duration of treatment.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Septic Arthritis and TB

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG11.1	A. Describe the pathophysiology of septic arthritis, including hematogenous spread and direct inoculation mechanisms. B. Explain the clinical presentation of septic arthritis and differentiate it from other causes of acute monoarthritis.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG11.2	A. Describe the management of septic arthritis, including emergent joint aspiration, intravenous antibiotics, and indications for arthroscopic lavage. B. Explain the pathophysiology and clinical presentation of tuberculous arthritis, including Pott’s disease and its musculoskeletal complications.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Osteochondritis, Osteoarthritis and Rheumatoid Arthritis

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG12.1	A. Describe the pathophysiology of osteochondritis dissecans and its impact on joint integrity. B. Differentiate between primary and secondary osteoarthritis based on etiology, risk factors, and clinical features. C. Interpret radiographic findings of osteoarthritis, including joint space narrowing, osteophyte formation, and subchondral sclerosis.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG12.2	A. Compare non-surgical management options for osteoarthritis, including NSAIDs, intra-articular injections, and physiotherapy. B. Explain the indications and surgical techniques for total joint replacement in end-stage arthritis. C. Describe the complications of rheumatoid arthritis affecting the musculoskeletal system, including atlantoaxial subluxation.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Bone Tumors

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG13.1	A. Classify bone tumors into benign and malignant types, and differentiate between primary and metastatic bone tumors. B. Describe the clinical presentation of osteosarcoma, Ewing’s sarcoma, and chondrosarcoma, and their typical age distributions. C. Interpret radiographic features of benign and malignant bone tumors, including periosteal reactions (sunburst, Codman’s triangle).	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG13.2	A. Discuss the role of biopsy (needle vs. open) in diagnosing bone tumors and the importance of staging. B. Explain the principles of limb-salvage surgery and the indications for amputation in bone tumor management.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Genetic Bone Disorders and Dysplasia

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG14.1	A. Describe the genetic basis and clinical features of common skeletal dysplasias, including achondroplasia and osteogenesis imperfecta. Discuss the role of growth factor mutations in disorders such as fibrous dysplasia and multiple hereditary exostoses. B. Interpret radiographic and genetic testing findings in skeletal dysplasias. C. Explain the pathophysiology and orthopedic complications of osteogenesis imperfecta, including fracture susceptibility and scoliosis.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG14.2	A. Describe the indications for limb lengthening procedures in short stature syndromes. B. Explain the role of bisphosphonates in managing brittle bone diseases.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Metabolic Bone Diseases

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG15.1	Discuss the diagnosis and treatment of osteomalacia and rickets. Describe the clinical features and management of Paget’s disease of bone.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG15.2	Discuss the role of calcium, vitamin D, and bisphosphonates in metabolic bone disease. Explain the management of hyperparathyroidism and its skeletal effects.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Poliomyelitis and Neuropathic Disorders

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG16.1	Discuss the clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management of post-polio syndrome, emphasizing its late-onset progressive muscle weakness, fatigue, and functional impairment.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG16.2	Describe the pathophysiology of poliomyelitis, including its viral etiology, effects on the anterior horn cells of the spinal cord, and the resulting flaccid paralysis and muscle atrophy.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Peripheral Nerve Injuries

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG17.1	A. Classify peripheral nerve injuries using Seddon’s and Sunderland’s classifications. B. Describe the clinical presentation of common upper limb nerve injuries, including median, ulnar, and radial nerve palsies. C. Discuss the pathophysiology of nerve regeneration and factors affecting recovery.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG17.2	A. Describe the indications for surgical nerve repair, including neurorrhaphy, nerve grafting, and tendon transfers. B. Explain the management of nerve compression syndromes, such as carpal tunnel syndrome and cubital tunnel syndrome. C. Discuss the role of physiotherapy and rehabilitation in recovering nerve function.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Disorders of the Shoulder & Elbow

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG18.1	Discuss the diagnosis and treatment of shoulder impingement syndrome and adhesive capsulitis (frozen shoulder).	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG18.2	Describe the mechanisms, clinical presentation, and treatment options for elbow epicondylitis (tennis elbow and golfer’s elbow).	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG19.1	Differentiate between primary and secondary osteoarthritis of the shoulder and elbow and discuss treatment options.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG19.2	Explain the pathophysiology between primary and secondary osteoarthritis of the shoulder and elbow.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Disorders of the Wrist and Hand

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG20.1	Explain the pathophysiology, clinical features, and management of carpal tunnel syndrome and trigger finger.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG20.2	Discuss the pathophysiology and management of De Quervain’s tenosynovitis.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG21.1	Formulate a treatment plan for Dupuytren’s contracture, including indications for surgical intervention.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG21.2	Describe the approach to diagnosing and managing wrist arthritis, including inflammatory and degenerative causes.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Disorders of the Hip

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG22.1	Differentiate between developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) and slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE).	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG22.2	Interpret gait abnormalities related to hip disorders, such as Trendelenburg gait.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG23.1	Discuss the etiology, clinical features, and diagnostic workup of Transient Synovitis of the hip, emphasizing its differentiation from septic arthritis through laboratory markers and imaging (Kocher criteria).	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG23.2	Explain the clinical presentation, risk factors, and diagnostic approach to Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis (SCFE), including the role of Klein’s line on radiographs and indications for urgent surgical fixation.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Disorders of the Knee

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG24.1	Discuss the diagnosis and treatment of ACL and PCL injuries, including surgical reconstruction techniques.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG24.2	Describe the clinical features and management of prepatellar and infrapatellar bursitis.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG25.1	Discuss complications following knee surgery, such as deep vein thrombosis and implant loosening.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG25.2	Discuss the pathophysiology and treatment of chondromalacia patella.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Disorders of the Ankle and Foot

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG26.1	Describe the surgical and non-surgical management of hallux valgus (bunion). Describe the biomechanics of the ankle and foot, including the role of the plantar fascia.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG26.2	Discuss the diagnosis and treatment of Achilles tendon rupture.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Radiodiagnosis: Introduction to Radiology

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG27.1	A. Explain the basic principles of radiographic imaging, including X-ray, ultrasound, CT, MRI, and nuclear medicine, and their respective indications. B. Describe the advantages and limitations of different imaging modalities in the diagnosis of common diseases such as pneumonia, fractures, and abdominal pathologies. C. Interpret normal radiographic anatomy and identify key landmarks in different imaging techniques.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG27.2	A. Differentiate between normal and pathological findings on various imaging modalities, such as air space opacities in pneumonia or masses in cancer. B. Explain the indications and contraindications for different imaging modalities in emergency settings.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Radiodiagnosis: Imaging of Chest I

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG28.1	A. Explain the radiographic features of common lung pathologies, including pneumonia, tuberculosis, pulmonary edema, and lung cancer. B. Differentiate between obstructive and restrictive lung diseases on imaging, including COPD and interstitial lung diseases.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG28.2	A. Interpret common chest radiographic patterns, such as alveolar versus interstitial opacities, air bronchograms, and cavitary lesions. B. Discuss the imaging findings of pleural diseases, including pleural effusion, pneumothorax, and pleural thickening. C. Discuss the indications and limitations of different imaging techniques in evaluating chest pathologies.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Radiodiagnosis: Imaging of Chest II

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG29.1	A. Differentiate between benign and malignant pulmonary nodules based on radiological characteristics. B. Interpret the radiologic features of infectious lung diseases such as tuberculosis, fungal infections, and viral pneumonias.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG29.2	A. Identify radiographic signs of chest trauma, such as rib fractures, hemothorax, and lung contusions. B. Discuss the imaging approach to airway diseases, including bronchiectasis and tracheomalacia. C. Interpret the radiologic findings of aspiration pneumonia and differentiate it from other infectious processes.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Radiodiagnosis: Mediastinum

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG30.1	A. Explain the differential diagnosis of an anterior mediastinal mass, including thymoma, teratoma, thyroid goiter, and lymphoma. B. Interpret imaging findings in middle mediastinal pathologies, such as bronchogenic cysts and lymphadenopathy.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG30.2	A. Describe the radiologic features of posterior mediastinal lesions, including neurogenic tumors. B. Differentiate between benign and malignant mediastinal masses using imaging characteristics on CT and MRI. C. Discuss the role of imaging in diagnosing mediastinitis and its complications.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Radiodiagnosis: Breast Imaging and Screening for Malignancy

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG31.1	A. Describe the principles of mammography, breast ultrasound, and breast MRI in the detection of breast pathology. B. Differentiate between benign and malignant breast lesions based on imaging characteristics. C. Explain the indications and limitations of breast screening programs, including the role of BI-RADS classification. D. Interpret mammographic findings of common breast conditions, including fibroadenomas, cysts, and invasive carcinoma.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG31.2	A. Describe the imaging features of inflammatory breast disorders, such as mastitis and abscesses. B. Explain the indications and technique of image-guided breast biopsies, including stereotactic, ultrasound-guided, and MRI-guided biopsies.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Radiodiagnosis: Hepatobiliary Imaging

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG32.1	A. Describe the imaging modalities used for evaluating liver diseases, including ultrasound, CT, MRI, and nuclear medicine. B. Interpret imaging findings of hepatic tumors, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), metastases, and hemangiomas. C. Explain the role of MRCP in evaluating biliary obstructions, including choledocholithiasis and biliary strictures.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG32.2	A. Discuss the role of contrast-enhanced ultrasound in liver lesion characterization. B. Interpret imaging findings in acute and chronic liver infections, including hepatic abscesses and viral hepatitis. C. Explain the imaging approach to liver trauma and parenchymal injuries.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Radiodiagnosis: Imaging of Pancreas and spleen

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG33.1	A. Describe the normal radiologic anatomy of the pancreas and spleen. B. Interpret imaging findings of acute and chronic pancreatitis on ultrasound, CT, and MRI. C. Discuss the role of MRI in characterizing pancreatic cystic lesions, including mucinous and serous cystadenomas.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG33.2	A. Describe the imaging findings in splenic trauma, including lacerations and hematomas. B. Discuss the radiologic approach to diagnosing splenomegaly and infiltrative splenic disorders. C. Interpret the role of nuclear medicine in assessing splenic function.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Radiodiagnosis: urinary tract imaging

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG34.1	A. Explain the imaging findings and diagnostic approach to urinary tract infections (UTIs), including pyelonephritis and emphysematous pyelonephritis. B. Differentiate nephrolithiasis from other causes of flank pain using KUB X-ray, ultrasound, and CT KUB. C. Discuss the role of imaging in the evaluation of obstructive uropathy, including hydronephrosis and ureteric strictures.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG34.2	A. Interpret the radiologic features of renal masses, distinguishing between benign (angiomyolipoma) and malignant (renal cell carcinoma) lesions. B. Describe the role of nuclear medicine studies such as DMSA and MAG3 scans in assessing renal function and obstruction. C. Discuss the imaging approach to congenital anomalies of the urinary tract, including horseshoe kidney and vesicoureteral reflux.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Radiodiagnosis: Imaging in Female genital tract

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG35.1	Describe the imaging modalities used in gynecologic imaging, including ultrasound (transabdominal and transvaginal), MRI, and hysterosalpingography.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG35.2	Interpret ultrasound findings of common uterine pathologies, such as fibroids, adenomyosis, and endometrial hyperplasia.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Radiodiagnosis: Imaging in Female genital tract

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG36.1	Differentiate between benign and malignant ovarian masses using imaging criteria, including the ORADS classification.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG36.2	A. Discuss the role of imaging in the diagnosis of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), including ovarian volume and follicle count. B. Explain the imaging approach to pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and tubo-ovarian abscess.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Radiodiagnosis: plain abdomen

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG37.1	A. Describe the normal radiographic anatomy of the abdomen on plain X-ray, including bowel gas patterns, soft tissue shadows, and calcifications. B. Interpret the radiologic features of common acute abdominal conditions, including pneumoperitoneum, bowel perforation, and volvulus. C. Differentiate between small bowel and large bowel obstruction based on plain abdominal radiographs.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG37.2	A. Discuss the role of plain X-rays in the evaluation of renal and gallbladder calculi, including their limitations and the need for further imaging. B. Explain the radiologic findings associated with paralytic ileus and its differentiation from mechanical obstruction. C. Describe the imaging approach to gastrointestinal bleeding, including the role of contrast studies and alternative modalities like CT angiography.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Peritoneal Cavity and Retroperitoneum

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG38.1	A. Describe the normal anatomy of the peritoneal and retroperitoneal spaces using ultrasound, CT, and MRI. B. Discuss the imaging features of peritoneal carcinomatosis and its differentiation from peritoneal tuberculosis. C. Interpret radiologic findings of ascites, including differentiation between transudative and exudative ascites using ultrasound and CT.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG38.2	A. Explain the role of imaging in diagnosing retroperitoneal hematomas, including their causes (trauma, anticoagulation, ruptured aneurysm). B. Recognize the radiologic features of retroperitoneal fibrosis and its impact on ureters and surrounding structures. C. Discuss the imaging approach to adrenal gland pathology, including incidental adrenal masses, pheochromocytomas, and adrenal metastases.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Radiodiagnosis: GIT-I imaging

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG39.1	Describe the gross and microscopic anatomy of the large intestine and its functional role in water absorption and stool formation.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG39.2	A. Differentiate between diverticulosis and diverticulitis, including risk factors, clinical presentation, and complications (perforation, abscess, fistula). B. Health promotion: Advocate for colorectal cancer screening (e.g., colonoscopy) starting at age 45 or earlier if family history exists. C. Educate on warning signs like rectal bleeding, change in bowel habits, and unexplained weight loss.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Radiodiagnosis: GIT-II imaging

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG40.1	A. Interpret the radiologic features of inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis) using fluoroscopy, CT enterography, and MRI enterography. B. Differentiate between infectious and inflammatory colitis using radiologic criteria. C. Describe the imaging findings in colorectal cancer and the role of CT colonography in screening. D. Discuss the role of contrast fluoroscopy and cross-sectional imaging in diagnosing diverticular disease and its complications.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG40.2	A. Explain the imaging approach to small bowel obstruction and large bowel obstruction, including closed-loop obstruction. B. Recognize the radiologic signs of mesenteric ischemia and bowel infarction on CT angiography. C. Interpret the imaging findings of appendicitis and its complications, including perforation and abscess formation.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Radiodiagnosis: Bone-I imaging

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG41.1	A. Describe the normal radiographic anatomy of bones, including the cortical and trabecular structures. B. Explain the radiologic approach to evaluating bone trauma, including common fracture patterns. C. Differentiate between benign and malignant bone tumors based on radiographic features such as periosteal reaction and matrix mineralization.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG41.2	A. Interpret the imaging findings of metabolic bone diseases, including osteoporosis and rickets. B. Discuss the role of MRI in detecting bone marrow abnormalities, including osteomyelitis and metastatic disease. C. Recognize the radiographic features of bone infections, including Brodie’s abscess in subacute osteomyelitis. D. Explain the use of nuclear medicine bone scans in detecting metastatic bone disease.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Radiodiagnosis: Bone-II imaging

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG42.1	Explain the role of imaging in bone infections, including septic arthritis and tuberculous osteomyelitis. Discuss the radiologic features of Paget’s disease and its complications, including secondary osteosarcoma.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG42.2	Differentiate between inflammatory and degenerative joint diseases based on radiographic and MRI findings. Explain the role of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) in assessing bone mineral density and diagnosing osteoporosis.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Radiodiagnosis: Imaging of Joints

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG43.1	Describe the normal radiographic and MRI anatomy of major joints, including the shoulder, knee, and hip. Interpret the imaging findings of osteoarthritis, including joint space narrowing, osteophytes, and subchondral sclerosis. Differentiate between inflammatory and infectious arthritis using radiologic criteria.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG43.2	A. Explain the role of ultrasound in assessing joint effusions, synovitis, and guided aspirations. B. Discuss the imaging approach to ligamentous and meniscal injuries of the knee using MRI. C. Recognize the radiologic features of crystal arthropathies, including gout and pseudogout. D. Interpret the imaging findings of rotator cuff tears and labral injuries on MRI.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Radiodiagnosis: Spine Imaging

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG44.1	A. Interpret the imaging features of degenerative spine diseases, including spondylosis, disc herniation, and spinal stenosis. B. Differentiate between traumatic spinal fractures, including stable vs. unstable fractures and their classification systems (Denis and AO).	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG44.2	A. Discuss the role of MRI in diagnosing spinal cord injuries, myelopathy, and nerve root compression. B. Interpret imaging findings in spinal infections, including pyogenic spondylodiscitis and tuberculous Pott’s disease. C. Describe the radiologic approach to spinal tumors, including primary bone tumors, metastases, and spinal cord neoplasms.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Radiodiagnosis: Skeletal trauma imaging

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG45.1	Describe the basic principles of fracture imaging, including proper positioning and selection of X-ray views. Interpret MRI findings in occult fractures and stress fractures, particularly in weight-bearing bones.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG45.2	Interpret radiologic findings of common long bone fractures, including femoral shaft, tibial plateau, and humeral fractures. Differentiate between open and closed fractures and discuss the radiologic criteria for assessing fracture healing.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Vascular and Interventional Radiology

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG46.1	A. Describe the principles and techniques of vascular imaging, including ultrasound Doppler, CT angiography (CTA), and MR angiography (MRA). B. Discuss the role of interventional radiology in managing peripheral arterial disease, including angioplasty and stenting. C. Interpret imaging findings of acute arterial occlusions, including embolism, thrombosis, and traumatic vascular injuries.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG46.2	A. Explain the role of catheter-directed thrombolysis in deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE). B. Discuss the imaging approach and interventional management of aortic aneurysms and dissections. C. Describe the role of embolization in managing gastrointestinal and genitourinary bleeding.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Skull and brain imaging

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG47.1	A. Describe the normal anatomy of the brain and skull as seen on CT and MRI. B. Interpret imaging findings of acute stroke, including ischemic and hemorrhagic subtypes, and the role of CT perfusion. C. Discuss the role of CT in evaluating traumatic brain injury, including skull fractures, intracranial hemorrhage, and diffuse axonal injury.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG47.2	A. Differentiate between primary and secondary brain tumors using MRI features, including contrast enhancement patterns. B. Explain the imaging approach to hydrocephalus and intracranial pressure abnormalities. C. Describe the role of MR spectroscopy and functional MRI in neuroimaging.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Skull and brain imaging

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG48.1	A. Describe the normal radiologic anatomy of the paranasal sinuses, orbits, and neck using CT and MRI. B. Interpret the imaging features of common sinus pathologies, including acute and chronic sinusitis, mucoceles, and fungal infections. C. Discuss the role of imaging in orbital trauma, including blowout fractures and retrobulbar hematomas.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG48.2	A. Explain the radiologic findings of thyroid and parathyroid disorders, including goiter, nodules, and hyperparathyroidism. B. Differentiate between benign and malignant salivary gland tumors using ultrasound and MRI criteria. C. Recognize the imaging features of deep neck infections.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Thoracic and vascular trauma

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG49.1	A. Describe the mechanisms of thoracic trauma, including blunt and penetrating injuries, and their effects on respiratory and hemodynamic stability. B. Explain the pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and surgical management of pneumothorax, hemothorax, and tension pneumothorax. C. Interpret the imaging findings (X-ray, CT, FAST) for thoracic trauma, including rib fractures, flail chest, pulmonary contusions, and aortic injury.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG49.2	A. Describe the classification and management of vascular trauma, including penetrating injuries, blunt aortic injury, and iatrogenic vascular injuries. B. Explain the principles of damage control surgery in major vascular and thoracic trauma. C. Recognize the complications of thoracic trauma, including ARDS, cardiac tamponade, and post-traumatic empyema.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Esophagoscopy and Bronchoscopy

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG50.1	A. Describe the indications, contraindications, and techniques of rigid and flexible esophagoscopy and bronchoscopy. B. Interpret normal and abnormal findings in endoscopic evaluation of the esophagus and tracheobronchial tree, including strictures, ulcers, and tumors. C. Discuss the role of esophagoscopy in the diagnosis and management of esophageal foreign bodies, caustic injuries, and Barrett’s esophagus.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG50.2	A. Describe the indications and techniques for endoscopic biopsy, dilation, and stent placement in esophageal disease. B. Explain the role of bronchoscopy in diagnosing and managing airway obstruction, hemoptysis, and lung infections. C. Recognize the endoscopic features of lung cancer and its role in tissue diagnosis through biopsy and bronchoalveolar lavage.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Pleural diseases, pneumothorax & hemothorax / Neck: Cysts, Tumors & Lymphadenopathy

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG51.1	Differentiate between congenital, inflammatory, and neoplastic neck masses based on clinical and imaging findings. Explain the role of fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC), ultrasound, and CT/MRI in the diagnosis of neck masses.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Neoplasms of the lung

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG52.1	A. Classify lung neoplasms, including small cell and non-small cell lung carcinoma, mesothelioma, and benign lung tumors. B. Explain the risk factors, genetic mutations, and pathogenesis of lung cancer. C. Interpret radiologic findings (X-ray, CT, PET-CT) in lung cancer, including primary lesions, nodal involvement, and metastases. D. Discuss the principles of lung cancer staging and its impact on treatment decisions. E. Describe the role of biopsy techniques, including bronchoscopy, transthoracic needle aspiration, and mediastinoscopy, in lung cancer diagnosis.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Mediastinal tumors

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG53.1	A. Classify mediastinal tumors based on anatomic compartments (anterior, middle, and posterior) and their common differentials. B. Describe the imaging characteristics of mediastinal masses using X-ray, CT, MRI, and PET-CT.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG53.2	A. Describe the indications and principles of surgical resection for mediastinal tumors. B. Recognize the role of chemotherapy and radiation therapy in non-surgical management of mediastinal malignancies.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Vascular tumors

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG54.1	Discuss the surgical approach to oral cavity cancers, including resection, reconstruction, and postoperative rehabilitation.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG54.2	A. Explain the pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and management of salivary gland infections (sialadenitis) and sialolithiasis. B. Differentiate between benign and malignant salivary gland tumors.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Surgical aspects of congenital heart diseases

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG55.1	A. Describe the embryological development of the heart and the pathophysiology of congenital heart defects (CHDs). B. Classify CHDs into cyanotic and acyanotic conditions and their clinical manifestations. C. Interpret echocardiographic and cardiac catheterization findings in common CHDs such as Tetralogy of Fallot, ASD, VSD, and TGA.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG55.2	A. Discuss the indications and timing of surgical intervention for CHDs. B. Explain the principles of corrective surgeries, including arterial switch operation, Fontan procedure, and Blalock-Taussig shunt. C. Describe the perioperative care and potential complications in pediatric cardiac surgery.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Surgical aspects of valvular heart diseases

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG56.1	A. Classify valvular heart diseases based on etiology, including rheumatic, degenerative, and infective causes. B. Explain the pathophysiology and hemodynamic consequences of aortic and mitral valve diseases. C. Interpret echocardiographic findings in valvular heart disease, including stenosis and regurgitation severity. D. Discuss indications for valve repair versus valve replacement surgery.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG56.2	A. Describe the surgical techniques of valve replacement, including mechanical and bioprosthetic valve options. B. Explain postoperative complications, including thromboembolism, endocarditis, and prosthetic valve dysfunction. C. Discuss anticoagulation management in patients with mechanical heart valves.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Surgical aspects of ischemic heart

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG57.1	A. Describe the pathophysiology of ischemic heart disease (IHD), including the role of atherosclerosis, endothelial dysfunction, and plaque rupture. B. Interpret diagnostic modalities for IHD, including ECG, stress testing, coronary angiography, and cardiac CT. C. Explain the indications and patient selection criteria for coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) versus percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG57.2	A. Discuss the surgical techniques for CABG, including on-pump and off-pump procedures, graft choices, and anastomosis strategies. B. Describe the perioperative management of patients undergoing CABG, including preoperative optimization and postoperative care. C. Recognize common complications of CABG, including graft failure, arrhythmias, myocardial infarction, and stroke.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Cardiopulmonary bypass and resuscitation

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG58.1	A. Describe the principles and components of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), including the oxygenator, heat exchanger, and pump system. B. Explain the physiological effects of CPB on the cardiovascular, pulmonary, renal, and hematologic systems. C. Discuss the indications for CPB and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) in cardiac surgery and critical care settings.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG58.2	A. Describe the technique of myocardial protection during CPB, including cardioplegia solutions and hypothermia. B. Recognize the complications of CPB, including systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS), coagulopathy, and neurological dysfunction. C. Discuss the role of mechanical circulatory support devices, including intra-aortic balloon pumps (IABP) and ventricular assist devices (VADs).	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Introduction and basic principles of plastic surgery

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG59.1	A. Explain the principles of wound healing, tissue repair, and scar formation relevant to plastic surgery. B. Describe the fundamental surgical techniques used in plastic surgery, including debridement, skin closure, and tension-free suturing.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG59.2	A. Recognize the importance of preoperative planning and patient counseling in reconstructive and aesthetic procedures. B. Discuss the role of plastic surgery in trauma, cancer reconstruction, and congenital anomalies. C. Identify common complications in plastic surgery, including wound dehiscence, infection, and hematoma formation.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Introduction and basic principles of plastic surgery

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG60.1	A. Describe the concept of reconstructive surgery using the reconstructive ladder, from primary closure to free tissue transfer. B. Discuss the principles of tissue expansion and its applications in burn reconstruction and congenital anomalies. C. Health promotion: Promote the use of sunscreen (SPF 30+), protective clothing, and avoidance of peak sun hours (10 AM – 4 PM). D. Discourage use of tanning beds. E. Encourage regular skin self-exams and dermatology visits for suspicious lesions.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG60.2	A. Recognize the psychological impact of plastic surgery and strategies for managing patient expectations. B. Discuss advances in minimally invasive and robotic-assisted plastic surgical techniques. C. Explain the role of plastic surgery in gender-affirming procedures and their ethical considerations.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Skin graft

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG61.1	A. Define the types of skin grafts (split-thickness, full-thickness, and composite grafts) and their indications. B. Explain the physiology of skin graft take, including plasmatic imbibition, inosculation, and revascularization. C. Discuss the indications and contraindications for skin grafting in burns, chronic wounds, and traumatic injuries.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG62.2	A. Describe the steps of skin graft harvesting, preparation, and application, including donor site care. B. Recognize complications of skin grafting, such as graft failure, contractures, and pigmentation changes. C. Interpret the role of dermal substitutes and bioengineered skin in reconstructive surgery.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Flaps

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG63.1	A. Define different types of flaps (local, regional, free flaps) and their indications in reconstructive surgery. B. Explain the classification of flaps based on blood supply, including random-pattern and axial-pattern flaps. C. Describe the surgical techniques for commonly used local flaps, including Z-plasty, rotation flaps, and advancement flaps.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG63.2	A. Recognize the factors influencing flap survival, including ischemia-reperfusion injury and venous congestion. B. Describe the role of perforator flaps in modern reconstructive surgery and their advantages over traditional flaps. C. Explain the management of flap complications, including flap loss, partial necrosis, and infection.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Cleft lip and palate

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG64.1	A. Explain the embryological basis and pathophysiology of cleft lip and palate formation. B. Describe the classification systems for cleft lip and palate, including unilateral, bilateral, and complete/incomplete clefts.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG64.2	A. Explain the multidisciplinary approach to cleft care, involving plastic surgeons, speech therapists, and orthodontists. B. Describe the role of pre-surgical orthopedics (e.g., NAM – nasoalveolar molding) in cleft lip and palate management.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Burns

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG65.1	A. Describe the classification of burns based on depth (superficial, partial-thickness, full-thickness) and total body surface area (TBSA). B. Explain the pathophysiology of burn injury, including the systemic inflammatory response and fluid shifts. C. Discuss the principles of burn resuscitation, including the Parkland formula and appropriate fluid management.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG65.2	A. Recognize the early signs of airway injury in inhalational burns and the indications for early intubation. B. Describe the role of escharotomy in circumferential burns and its indications. C. Explain the principles of wound care in acute burns, including topical antimicrobial agents and dressing selection.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Burns

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG66.1	A. Describe the indications and timing for early excision and grafting in burn patients. B. Discuss the different types of skin grafts and their role in burn reconstruction. C. Explain the use of dermal substitutes and artificial skin in severe burn cases. D. Health promotion: educate families on safe cooking practices, especially around children. E. Promote safe handling of chemicals, hot liquids, and electrical devices. F. Install smoke detectors and promote fire safety.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG66.2	A. Describe the role of flaps in burn reconstruction, including pedicled and free flaps. B. Discuss contracture prevention and management using splints and physiotherapy. C. Recognize the psychological impact of burns and the role of rehabilitation.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Burns

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG67.1	A. Explain the long-term complications of burn injuries, including hypertrophic scarring and keloids. B. Discuss the pathophysiology and treatment of burn contractures and their impact on function. C. Describe the role of pressure garments and silicone therapy in burn scar management.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG67.2	A. Explain the surgical techniques for contracture release, including Z-plasty and tissue expansion. B. Discuss the risk factors and prevention of burn wound infections and chronic ulcers. C. Recognize the psychosocial challenges faced by burn survivors and the role of support groups. D. Explain the principles of secondary burn management.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Electrical injuries

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG68.1	A. Describe the mechanisms of electrical injuries and their effects on skin, muscles, and internal organs. B. Recognize the different types of electrical burns, including high-voltage, low-voltage, and flash burns. C. Discuss the principles of acute management, including fluid resuscitation and cardiac monitoring.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG68.2	A. Explain the role of early surgical debridement and fasciotomy in electrical burns with compartment syndrome. B. Describe the pathophysiology and management of deep tissue necrosis and delayed burn injury progression. C. Recognize the systemic complications of electrical injuries, including arrhythmias, rhabdomyolysis, and renal failure. D. Discuss long-term functional rehabilitation strategies for patients with electrical burns.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

CNS congenital disorders (spina bifida and congenital hydrocephalus)

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG69.1	A. Describe the embryological development of the central nervous system and the pathophysiology of neural tube defects, including spina bifida. B. Classify spina bifida into occulta, meningocele, and myelomeningocele, and explain their clinical presentations. C. Discuss the role of prenatal screening, including maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and fetal ultrasound, in detecting spina bifida.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG69.2	A. Explain the surgical management of spina bifida and associated complications, including tethered cord syndrome and Chiari malformation. B. Define congenital hydrocephalus, its etiologies (e.g., aqueductal stenosis, Arnold-Chiari malformation), and clinical manifestations. C. Describe the imaging modalities used to diagnose hydrocephalus, including cranial ultrasound, CT, and MRI.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

CNS space occupying lesions (CNS tumor and infection)

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG70.1	A. Classify CNS tumors based on their origin (primary vs. secondary) and histological types (gliomas, meningiomas, pituitary adenomas, etc.). B. Describe the clinical presentation of CNS tumors, including signs of increased intracranial pressure, focal neurological deficits, and seizures. C. Explain the role of neuroimaging (MRI with contrast, CT, PET scans) in the diagnosis and localization of CNS tumors.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG70.2	A. Explain the surgical approaches to CNS tumors, including craniotomy, stereotactic biopsy, and endoscopic tumor removal. B. Discuss adjuvant treatment options for CNS tumors, including radiotherapy (stereotactic radiosurgery, whole-brain radiation) and chemotherapy. D. Describe complications of CNS tumors, such as herniation syndromes, hydrocephalus, and peritumoral edema, and their management.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

CNS space occupying lesions (CNS tumor and infection)

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG71.1	A. Differentiate between bacterial, viral, fungal, and parasitic CNS infections that can present as space-occupying lesions. B. Explain the pathophysiology of brain abscess formation, including common pathogens and risk factors. C. Describe the clinical presentation of CNS infections, including fever, headache, altered mental status, and focal neurological deficits.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG71.2	A. Discuss the imaging findings of CNS infections, including ring-enhancing lesions in brain abscesses on MRI/CT scans. B. Explain the medical management of CNS infections, including empirical antibiotic therapy, antifungal/antiviral treatments. C. Describe the indications and techniques for surgical drainage of brain abscesses and decompressive procedures.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Traumatic brain injuries

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG72.1	A. Classify traumatic brain injuries (mild, moderate, severe) based on the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) and clinical presentation. B. Describe the pathophysiology of primary (coup-contrecoup, shear injury) and secondary brain injury (ischemia, swelling, inflammation). C. Explain the role of imaging (CT, MRI) in evaluating TBI, including detecting contusions, hematomas, and diffuse axonal injury. D. Health promotion: Promote helmet use during motorcycling, biking, skateboarding, and contact sports. E. Advocate for seatbelt use in all vehicles and child car seat safety. F. Encourage fall prevention strategies for the elderly: handrails, non-slip mats, proper lighting, and regular vision checks.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG72.2	A. Discuss initial resuscitation of TBI patients, including airway protection, intracranial pressure (ICP) control, and hemodynamic stabilization. B. Describe indications for surgical intervention in TBI, including craniotomy for hematoma evacuation and decompressive craniectomy.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Intracranial hemorrhage and skull fractures

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG73.1	A. Differentiate between types of intracranial hemorrhages (epidural, subdural, subarachnoid, intracerebral) based on etiology and imaging findings. B. Describe the clinical presentation of intracranial hemorrhages, including the classic “lucid interval” in epidural hematomas. C. Explain the indications for conservative versus surgical management of intracranial hemorrhages.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG73.2	A. Discuss the role of ICP monitoring and medical management (osmotic therapy, blood pressure control) in hemorrhagic brain injury. B. Describe types of skull fractures (linear, depressed, basilar) and their clinical significance. C. Recognize signs of basilar skull fractures, including Battle’s sign, raccoon eyes, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Spine and Spinal Cord injuries

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG74.1	A. Classify spinal cord injuries (complete vs. incomplete) and their associated syndromes (Brown-Séquard, central cord, anterior cord syndromes). B. Describe the principles of spinal stabilization in trauma, including the use of cervical collars and log-roll techniques. C. Discuss the role of imaging (X-ray, CT, MRI) in diagnosing spinal fractures and spinal cord injury.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG74.2	A. Explain the acute management of spinal cord injury, including methylprednisolone use and neurogenic shock treatment. B. Recognize complications of spinal cord injury, including pressure ulcers, deep vein thrombosis (DVT), and autonomic dysreflexia.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Spine and Spinal Cord injuries – Management

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG75.1	A. Explain the indications for conservative versus surgical management of spinal injuries. B. Describe the role of spinal decompression surgery in cases of acute spinal cord compression. C. Discuss the use of spinal fusion techniques in cases of unstable fractures. D. Explain post-operative care in spinal surgery, including infection prevention and pain management.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG75.2	A. Explain complications of spinal injury management, including failed back syndrome. B. Describe the indications and outcomes of spinal cord stimulation therapy.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Non traumatic disorders of the spine - I

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG76.1	A. Describe the pathophysiology and natural history of degenerative spine diseases, including spondylosis, spinal stenosis, and disc herniation. B. Explain the clinical presentation of degenerative spine disorders, including radiculopathy, myelopathy, and neurogenic claudication. C. Discuss the role of imaging (X-ray, MRI, CT) in diagnosing degenerative spinal conditions and differentiating them from other causes of back pain.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG76.2	A. Describe conservative management options, including physical therapy, analgesia, and spinal injections for degenerative spine conditions. B. Explain indications for surgical interventions such as laminectomy, discectomy, and spinal fusion. C. Recognize complications of untreated spinal degeneration, including chronic pain syndromes and progressive neurological deficits.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Non traumatic disorders of the spine- II

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG77.1	A. Describe the pathophysiology of spinal infections, including vertebral osteomyelitis, discitis, and spinal epidural abscess. B. List common causative organisms (e.g., Staphylococcus aureus, Mycobacterium tuberculosis) and their routes of spread. C. Explain the clinical presentation of spinal infections, including fever, back pain, neurological deficits, and systemic symptoms. D. Discuss the role of laboratory markers (CRP, ESR, blood cultures) and imaging (MRI with contrast) in diagnosing spinal infections.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG77.2	A. Describe the indications for surgical intervention, including decompression, drainage of abscesses, and spinal stabilization procedures. B. Recognize complications of spinal infections, including deformity, paralysis, and systemic sepsis. C. Discuss preventive strategies, including early recognition of infections in high-risk patients (e.g., diabetics, IV drug users).	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Non traumatic disorders of the spine- III

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG78.1	A. Classify spinal tumors into primary (benign vs. malignant) and secondary (metastatic) lesions. B. Describe the clinical presentation of spinal tumors, including axial pain, radiculopathy, myelopathy, and systemic symptoms. C. Explain the diagnostic approach to spinal tumors, including MRI with contrast, CT, and biopsy techniques. D. Discuss the principles of surgical management, including en bloc resection, decompression, and spinal stabilization.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG78.2	A. Explain the role of adjuvant therapies, including radiotherapy and chemotherapy, in managing spinal tumors. B. Recognize complications of spinal tumors, including pathological fractures, spinal cord compression, and paraplegia. C. Discuss the prognosis and quality-of-life considerations for patients with spinal tumors.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Anaesthesia: definition, history & types

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG79.1	A. Define anaesthesia and classify its types (general, regional, and local), explaining their mechanisms of action. B. Describe the historical evolution of anaesthesia, including major discoveries like ether, chloroform, and modern inhalational agents. C. Compare and contrast the indications, advantages, and limitations of general, regional, and local anaesthesia.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG79.2	A. Identify common diseases that impact anaesthetic management, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), heart failure, and obstructive sleep apnea. B. Describe the ethical and medico-legal aspects of anaesthesia, including patient consent and safety protocols.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Anaesthesia: preoperative evaluation & preparation. General anaesthesia

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG80.1	A. Conduct a comprehensive preoperative assessment, including airway evaluation, cardiovascular status, and comorbidities like diabetes and hypertension. B. Recognize the importance of ASA (American Society of Anesthesiologists) classification in risk stratification for surgical patients. C. Identify laboratory tests and imaging studies required before anaesthesia, particularly in patients with conditions like chronic kidney disease and anemia.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG80.2	A. Discuss the principles of fasting guidelines, including their importance in preventing aspiration pneumonia and Mendelson’s syndrome. B. Explain the impact of common systemic diseases (e.g., coronary artery disease, asthma, chronic liver disease) on anaesthetic choice and perioperative management. C. Describe premedication protocols, including anxiolytics, anticholinergics, and prophylactic antibiotics. D. Outline the management of patients on chronic medications (e.g., anticoagulants, insulin, beta-blockers) before surgery.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Recovery from anaesthesia. And complications

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG81.1	A. Describe the physiological process of emergence from anaesthesia and the role of the post-anaesthesia care unit (PACU). B. Identify criteria for safe discharge from PACU, including airway patency, hemodynamic stability, and return of protective reflexes. C. Discuss common postoperative complications such as nausea and vomiting, respiratory depression, and hypothermia. D. Explain the pathophysiology, recognition, and management of post-operative delirium, especially in elderly patients.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG81.2	A. Recognize the causes and treatment of post-operative respiratory failure, including atelectasis and pulmonary embolism. B. Discuss cardiovascular complications such as hypotension, arrhythmias, and myocardial infarction in high-risk surgical patients. C. Outline strategies for managing post-operative pain using multimodal analgesia, including opioids, NSAIDs, and regional technique.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Regional & spinal anaesthesia

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG82.1	A. Differentiate between spinal, epidural, and peripheral nerve blocks, explaining their indications and contraindications. B. Describe the physiological effects of spinal anaesthesia, including sympathetic blockade, vasodilation, and hypotension. C. Explain the technique of spinal anaesthesia, including patient positioning, landmark identification, and complications like post-dural puncture headache.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG82.2	A. Recognize the advantages of regional anaesthesia in high-risk patients, such as those with respiratory diseases (e.g., COPD) or cardiovascular compromise. B. Discuss common complications of regional anaesthesia, including hypotension, high spinal block, and nerve injury. C. Explain the use of ultrasound-guided regional anaesthesia and its role in improving precision and safety. D. Describe the use of regional anaesthesia in orthopedic procedures, such as knee and hip replacements.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Pharmacology of anaesthetic drugs

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG83.1	A. Classify commonly used anaesthetic drugs, including inhalational agents, intravenous induction agents, and adjuvants. B. Explain the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of volatile anaesthetics (e.g., sevoflurane, desflurane) and their impact on organ function. C. Describe the mechanisms of intravenous anaesthetics, including propofol, etomidate, ketamine, and barbiturates. D. Recognize the clinical applications and side effects of neuromuscular blocking agents and their reversal drugs.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG83.2	A. Discuss opioid analgesics used in anaesthesia, including fentanyl, morphine, and their role in multimodal pain management. B. Identify common local anaesthetics (e.g., lidocaine, bupivacaine), their toxicity profiles, and treatment of local anaesthetic systemic toxicity (LAST). C. Describe the pharmacological considerations in patients with hepatic or renal impairment.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Anaesthesia in pregnancy, pediatrics & the old

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG84.1	A. Discuss the physiological changes in pregnancy and their impact on anaesthetic management. B. Explain the principles of anaesthesia for cesarean sections, including spinal and epidural anaesthesia. C. Identify the risks of general anaesthesia in pregnancy, including aspiration and difficult airway management. D. Describe the physiological differences in pediatric patients and how they affect anaesthetic drug metabolism and dosing.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG84.2	A. Recognize common anaesthetic complications in neonates and infants, including apnea and hypoglycemia. B. Explain the considerations for anaesthesia in elderly patients, focusing on reduced organ function and increased sensitivity to drugs. C. Discuss the role of regional anaesthesia in elderly patients with hip fractures to minimize systemic complications.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

The Principles of intensive care unit in surgical practice

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG85.1	A. Define the role of the ICU in perioperative and critical care management. B. Describe the principles of mechanical ventilation and its indications in post-operative patients. C. Recognize common post-operative ICU complications such as sepsis, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and multi-organ failure. D. Discuss fluid resuscitation and hemodynamic monitoring in critically ill surgical patients.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG85.2	A. Identify the management of electrolyte imbalances, particularly in patients with renal failure and major trauma. B. Explain the principles of sedation and analgesia in ventilated patients. C. Describe the criteria for ICU admission and discharge in surgical patients.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Introduction to Pediatric Surgery, Definition, Anatomical & Physiological considerations

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG86.1	A. Define pediatric surgery and describe its scope, including congenital anomalies, neonatal emergencies, and acquired surgical conditions in children. B. Explain the anatomical and physiological differences between pediatric and adult patients, focusing on the respiratory, cardiovascular, and gastrointestinal systems. C. Describe the impact of immature organ function (e.g., liver metabolism, renal clearance) on perioperative care and anesthesia in pediatric surgery.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG86.2	A. Identify the principles of fluid and electrolyte management in neonates and children, considering conditions like dehydration and sepsis. B. Discuss common neonatal surgical emergencies, including Hirschsprung’s disease, anorectal malformations, and abdominal wall defects. C. Explain the importance of early diagnosis and timely surgical intervention in pediatric surgical conditions to prevent long-term complications.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Hirschsprung’s diseases, Anorectal Malformations

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG87.1	A. Explain the embryological basis, pathophysiology, and clinical presentation of Hirschsprung’s disease, including the absence of ganglion cells in the enteric nervous system. B. Describe the diagnostic approach to Hirschsprung’s disease, including barium enema, anorectal manometry, and rectal biopsy. C. Outline the surgical management of Hirschsprung’s disease, including pull-through procedures and management of complications like enterocolitis. D. Classify anorectal malformations (high, intermediate, low), explaining their embryology, clinical features, and associated congenital anomalies.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG87.2	A. Discuss the diagnostic workup for anorectal malformations, including perineal examination, abdominal ultrasound, and contrast studies. B. Describe the principles of surgical management for anorectal malformations, including posterior sagittal anorectoplasty (PSARP) and staged procedures. C. Identify postoperative complications and long-term outcomes, including fecal incontinence and constipation.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Duodenal & Intestinal atresia, Malrotation, meconium ileus

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG88.1	A. Explain the embryology and pathophysiology of duodenal atresia, jejunoileal atresia, and colonic atresia, including vascular insult theories. B. Describe the clinical presentation of neonatal intestinal obstruction, including bilious vomiting, abdominal distension, and failure to pass meconium. C. Discuss the diagnostic approach, including plain abdominal X-rays, contrast studies (upper GI series for malrotation), and ultrasound.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG88.2	A. Explain the principles of surgical management, including duodenoduodenostomy, resection with primary anastomosis, and Ladd’s procedure for malrotation. B. Recognize the association between meconium ileus and cystic fibrosis, including diagnostic tests (sweat chloride test, genetic testing). C. Describe the non-operative (N-acetylcysteine enema) and operative management (resection, ileostomy) of meconium ileus.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Esophageal atresia & Tracheoesophageal fistula, Congenital diaphragmatic hernia & Eventration

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG89.1	A. Explain the embryology and classification (Gross and Vogt) of esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula. B. Describe the clinical features of esophageal atresia, including excessive salivation, choking with feeds, and respiratory distress. C. Discuss the diagnostic and preoperative management of esophageal atresia, including the “inability to pass an NG tube” test and contrast studies.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG89.2	A. Outline the surgical options for esophageal atresia, including primary anastomosis and staged repair. B. Describe the pathophysiology of congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) and its impact on pulmonary development. C. Recognize the clinical presentation of CDH, including respiratory distress, scaphoid abdomen, and mediastinal shift. D. Explain the principles of preoperative stabilization (gentle ventilation, nitric oxide, ECMO) and surgical repair of CDH.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

GERD, Achalasia, Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis, GIT foreign body & caustic ingestion

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG90.1	A. Explain the pathophysiology of GERD in infants and children, including transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxation. B. Discuss the indications for medical management (proton pump inhibitors, lifestyle changes) and surgical intervention (Nissen fundoplication) in GERD. C. Describe the pathophysiology of achalasia and its diagnosis using esophageal manometry and barium swallow. D. Outline the treatment options for achalasia, including pneumatic dilation, botulinum toxin, and Heller myotomy.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG90.2	A. Recognize the clinical presentation of hypertrophic pyloric stenosis and its characteristic “olive-shaped” mass. B. Discuss the diagnostic role of ultrasound and the principles of surgical management (Ramstedt pyloromyotomy). C. Describe the management of GIT foreign body ingestion and caustic ingestion, including indications for endoscopy and surgical removal.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Neck mass in children (Cystic hygroma, Thyroglossal cyst, Branchial cyst). Obstructive Jaundice, Biliary atresia, Choledochal cyst

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG91.1	A. Discuss the surgical management of congenital neck masses, including the Sistrunk procedure for thyroglossal cysts. B. Explain the pathophysiology of biliary atresia and its progressive nature leading to liver failure. C. Recognize the clinical features of neonatal obstructive jaundice and the role of liver function tests and ultrasound in diagnosis.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG91.2	A. Outline the Kasai portoenterostomy and its role in biliary atresia management. B. Describe the classification and management of choledochal cysts, including cyst excision with hepaticojejunostomy. C. Recognize complications such as cholangitis and biliary cirrhosis in untreated biliary anomalies. D. Discuss the role of liver transplantation in end-stage biliary atresia.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Congenital abdominal wall defects

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG92.1	A. Differentiate between omphalocele and gastroschisis, including their embryology, clinical features, and management. B. Discuss emergency management of neonates with abdominal wall defects, including temperature regulation and fluid resuscitation. C. Explain the pathophysiology and management of inguinal hernia and hydrocele in infants.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG92.2	A. Describe the presentation and management of acute scrotum, including testicular torsion and epididymo-orchitis. B. Discuss the causes, diagnosis, and treatment of undescended testis, including the role of orchidopexy. C. Recognize the complications of untreated testicular torsion, including testicular infarction and infertility.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Omphalocele, Gastroschisis, Umbilical hernia, Inguinoscrotal conditions & acute scrotum, Inguinal hernia & Hydrocele, Undescended testis, Testicular torsion

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG93.1	Explain the surgical principles in the repair of abdominal wall defects and their long-term outcomes.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG93.2	Discuss the importance of early intervention in congenital inguinoscrotal conditions to prevent complications.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Acute abdominal pain, Appendicitis, Intussusception, Meckel’s diverticulum

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG94.1	A. Differentiate the causes of acute abdominal pain in children based on age, location, and associated symptoms. B. Describe the pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and complications of acute appendicitis, including perforation and abscess formation. C. Discuss the diagnostic approach to appendicitis, including clinical scoring systems (Alvarado score), ultrasound, and CT scan indications.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG94.2	A. Explain the surgical management of appendicitis, including laparoscopic versus open appendectomy and post-operative care. B. Describe the pathophysiology of intussusception, including the role of lead points and the classic “currant jelly stool” presentation. C. Outline the diagnostic and treatment options for intussusception, including air enema reduction and surgical intervention for failed cases.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Infantile and childhood tumors, Nephroblastoma (Wilms’ tumor), Neuroblastoma, Sacrococcygeal teratoma

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG95.1	A. Classify pediatric tumors based on their origin (renal, neural, soft tissue) and differentiate between benign and malignant lesions. B. Explain the pathophysiology, genetic associations (WT1 gene mutations), and clinical presentation of Wilms’ tumor. C. Discuss the diagnostic approach to Wilms’ tumor, including abdominal ultrasound, CT scan, and histopathology.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ
SURG95.2	A. Outline the treatment protocol for Wilms’ tumor, including nephrectomy, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. B. Describe the embryology and pathophysiology of neuroblastoma, including its association with adrenal glands and paraneoplastic syndromes. C. Explain the clinical presentation and staging of neuroblastoma, including bone marrow metastasis and elevated catecholamine metabolites.	K/S	LARGE GROUP TEACHING	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / MCQ

Practical NEUROSURGERY

CNS Congenital Disorders (Spina Bifida & Congenital Hydrocephalus)

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG1.1	1- Diagnose spina bifida and congenital hydrocephalus using clinical presentation and imaging findings. 2- Outline the surgical management of spina bifida, including early closure and long-term complications.	K/S/A/C	SMALL GROUP TEACHING, OUTPATIENT CLINIC	CIVA
SURG1.2	1- Describe the indications and techniques for ventriculoperitoneal shunting in hydrocephalus. 2- Identify and manage common postoperative complications, including infection and shunt malfunction.	K/S/A/C	SMALL GROUP TEACHING, OUTPATIENT CLINIC	CIVA

CNS Space-Occupying Lesions (Tumors & Infections)

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG2.1	1- Differentiate between benign and malignant brain tumors based on clinical and imaging findings. 2- Explain the principles of surgical resection, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy for brain tumors.	K/S/A/C	SMALL GROUP TEACHING, OUTPATIENT CLINIC	CIVA
SURG2.2	1- Recognize the signs of brain abscess and meningitis and outline the surgical and medical management. 2- Discuss the role of corticosteroids and intracranial pressure (ICP) management in CNS mass lesions.	K/S/A/C	SMALL GROUP TEACHING, OUTPATIENT CLINIC	CIVA

Traumatic Brain Injuries

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG3.1	1- Perform initial assessment and triage using the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) and trauma protocols. 2- Describe indications for emergency craniotomy and decompressive craniectomy in severe head trauma.	K/S/A/C	SMALL GROUP TEACHING, OUTPATIENT CLINIC	CIVA
SURG3.2	1- Manage increased intracranial pressure (ICP) using medical and surgical interventions. 2- Outline the rehabilitation process and long-term complications of traumatic brain injuries.	K/S/A/C	SMALL GROUP TEACHING, OUTPATIENT CLINIC	CIVA

Intracranial Hemorrhage & Skull Fractures

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG4.1	1- Differentiate between epidural, subdural, and intracerebral hemorrhages using clinical and imaging features. 2- Explain the surgical indications for hematoma evacuation and craniotomy.	K/S/A/C	SMALL GROUP TEACHING, OUTPATIENT CLINIC	CIVA
SURG4.2	1- Manage skull fractures conservatively or surgically, depending on severity and complications. 2- Recognize signs of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak and discuss management strategies.	K/S/A/C	SMALL GROUP TEACHING, OUTPATIENT CLINIC	CIVA

Spine & Spinal Cord Injuries

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG5.1	1- Perform a thorough neurological assessment using the ASIA impairment scale for spinal cord injuries. 2- Describe indications for spinal stabilization surgery and decompression in trauma cases.	K/S/A/C	SMALL GROUP TEACHING, OUTPATIENT CLINIC	CIVA
SURG5.2	1- Manage acute spinal cord injury using steroids, immobilization, and surgical interventions. 2- Outline rehabilitation strategies for patients with paraplegia and quadriplegia.	K/S/A/C	SMALL GROUP TEACHING, OUTPATIENT CLINIC	CIVA

Practical Anesthesia

Indications, Contraindications, & Complications of General & Local Anesthesia

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG6.1	1- Identify indications and contraindications for general, spinal, and epidural anesthesia. 2- Recognize and manage anesthesia-related complications such as hypotension, malignant hyperthermia, and local anesthetic toxicity.	K/S/A/C	SMALL GROUP TEACHING, OUTPATIENT CLINIC	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / VIVA
SURG6.2	1- Differentiate between regional and general anesthesia in terms of risks, benefits, and indications. 2- Discuss the preoperative assessment required to select an appropriate anesthetic plan.	K/S/A/C	SMALL GROUP TEACHING, OUTPATIENT CLINIC	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / VIVA

Preoperative, Intraoperative, & Postoperative Anesthesia Management

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG7.1	1- Conduct a preoperative anesthesia risk assessment, including ASA classification. 2- Implement intraoperative monitoring techniques for oxygenation, ventilation, and hemodynamic stability.	K/S/A/C	SMALL GROUP TEACHING, OUTPATIENT CLINIC	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / VIVA
SURG7.2	1- Recognize and manage postoperative complications such as pain, nausea, and delayed emergence. 2- Describe the principles of postoperative pain management, including multimodal analgesia.	K/S/A/C	SMALL GROUP TEACHING, OUTPATIENT CLINIC	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / VIVA

Scoring Systems Used in Anesthesia

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG8.1	1- Apply the ASA (American Society of Anesthesiologists) classification in preoperative evaluation. 2- Utilize the Mallampati score for airway assessment and difficult intubation prediction.	K/S/A/C	SMALL GROUP TEACHING, OUTPATIENT CLINIC	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / VIVA
SURG8.2	1- Explain the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) in anesthesia for neurological monitoring. 2- Use the BIS (Bispectral Index) score to monitor depth of anesthesia during surgery.	K/S/A/C	SMALL GROUP TEACHING, OUTPATIENT CLINIC	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / VIVA

Instruments & Devices in Anesthesia

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG9.1	1- Demonstrate the proper use of anesthesia machines and ventilators. 2- Identify and manage airway devices such as endotracheal tubes, laryngeal mask airways (LMAs), and fiberoptic scopes.	K/S/A/C	SMALL GROUP TEACHING, OUTPATIENT CLINIC	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / VIVA
SURG9.2	1- Recognize and troubleshoot common issues with anesthesia monitoring equipment. 2- Understand the principles of patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) and regional anesthesia devices.	K/S/A/C	SMALL GROUP TEACHING, OUTPATIENT CLINIC	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / VIVA

Practical orthopedics

Most common upper limb fracture

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG10.1	1- Assess and manage common upper limb fractures, including non-surgical and surgical approaches. 2- Perform closed reduction and splinting for Colles’ and Smith’s fractures.	K/S/A/C	SMALL GROUP TEACHING, OUTPATIENT CLINIC	VIVA / CIVA
SURG10.2	1- Recognize complications such as nonunion, malunion, and neurovascular injury. 2- Describe indications for open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) in upper limb fractures.	K/S/A/C	SMALL GROUP TEACHING, OUTPATIENT CLINIC	VIVA / CIVA

Most common lower limb fracture

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG11.1	1- Differentiate between stable and unstable lower limb fractures using clinical and radiological findings. 2- Explain the principles of weight-bearing restrictions and rehabilitation in lower limb fractures.	K/S/A/C	SMALL GROUP TEACHING, OUTPATIENT CLINIC	VIVA / CIVA
SURG11.2	1- Manage hip fractures surgically with hemiarthroplasty, total hip replacement, or internal fixation. 2- Recognize and treat complications such as deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and fat embolism.	K/S/A/C	SMALL GROUP TEACHING, OUTPATIENT CLINIC	VIVA / CIVA

Additional orthopedics important

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG12.1	1- Recognize open fractures and describe the principles of emergency management, including debridement, irrigation, and fixation. 2- Explain the role of traction in managing femoral shaft fractures and its indications.	K/S/A/C	SMALL GROUP TEACHING, OUTPATIENT CLINIC	VIVA / CIVA
SURG12.2	3- Identify and manage complications of fractures, including compartment syndrome and avascular necrosis. 4- Describe the principles of post-fracture rehabilitation, including weight-bearing status and physical therapy.	K/S/A/C	SMALL GROUP TEACHING, OUTPATIENT CLINIC	VIVA / CIVA
SURG13.1	1- Differentiate between pathologic fractures and traumatic fractures based on clinical and imaging findings. 2- Explain the use of external fixation in complex fractures and open injuries.	K/S/A/C	SMALL GROUP TEACHING, OUTPATIENT CLINIC	VIVA / CIVA
SURG13.2	1- Recognize and manage pediatric fractures, including growth plate injuries and remodeling potential.	K/S/A/C	SMALL GROUP TEACHING, OUTPATIENT CLINIC	VIVA / CIVA

Practical Radiology

Chest Radiology

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG14.1	1- Interpret chest X-rays to diagnose pneumonia, pneumothorax, pleural effusion, and heart failure. 2- Differentiate between obstructive and restrictive lung diseases on imaging.	K/S/A/C	SMALL GROUP TEACHING, OUTPATIENT CLINIC	CIVA / SHORT ANSWER QUESTION
SURG14.2	1- Recognize mediastinal widening and its differential diagnoses. 2- Describe indications for CT thorax in chest pathology.	K/S/A/C	SMALL GROUP TEACHING, OUTPATIENT CLINIC	CIVA / SHORT ANSWER QUESTION

Abdominal Radiology

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG15.1	1- Identify radiological signs of bowel obstruction and perforation. 2- Recognize hepatosplenomegaly and its causes using ultrasound and CT.	K/S/A/C	SMALL GROUP TEACHING, OUTPATIENT CLINIC	CIVA / SHORT ANSWER QUESTION
SURG15.2	1- Interpret contrast studies for gastrointestinal diseases. 2- Describe the indications for MRI abdomen in hepatic and pancreatic disorders.	K/S/A/C	SMALL GROUP TEACHING, OUTPATIENT CLINIC	CIVA / SHORT ANSWER QUESTION

Radiology – Additional Learning Objectives

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG16.1	1- Interpret spinal X-rays to identify fractures, spondylolisthesis, and degenerative changes. 2- Recognize the imaging findings of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) using Doppler ultrasound. 3- Interpret musculoskeletal X-rays for common fractures, dislocations, and bone tumors. 4- Recognize the radiologic signs of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) and its complications.	K/S/A/C	SMALL GROUP TEACHING, OUTPATIENT CLINIC	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / CIVA
SURG16.2	1- Explain the role of nuclear medicine imaging (bone scan, PET scan) in oncological and infection-related diagnoses. 2- Understand the role of contrast-enhanced imaging in diagnosing renal, hepatic, and pancreatic diseases.	K/S/A/C	SMALL GROUP TEACHING, OUTPATIENT CLINIC	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION / CIVA

Practical Plastic Surgery

Burns management

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG17.1	1- Classify burns based on depth and total body surface area (TBSA). 2- Apply the Parkland formula for fluid resuscitation in severe burns.	K/S/A/C	SMALL GROUP TEACHING, OUTPATIENT CLINIC	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION
SURG17.2	1- Recognize indications for early excision and grafting. 2- Manage inhalation injury and associated complications.	K/S/A/C	SMALL GROUP TEACHING, OUTPATIENT CLINIC	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION

Skin Grafts & Flaps

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG18.1	1- Differentiate between split-thickness and full-thickness skin grafts. 2- Explain the principles of flap surgery, including local, regional, and free flaps.	K/S/A/C	SMALL GROUP TEACHING, OUTPATIENT CLINIC	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION
SURG18.2	1- Recognize complications such as graft failure and necrosis. 2- Discuss the use of skin substitutes in wound management.	K/S/A/C	SMALL GROUP TEACHING, OUTPATIENT CLINIC	SHORT ANSWER QUESTION

Practical Thoracic surgery

Chest X-ray

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG19.1	1- Interpret common chest X-ray findings related to trauma, including pneumothorax, hemothorax, and rib fractures.	K/S/A/C	SMALL GROUP TEACHING, OUTPATIENT CLINIC	CIVA
SURG19.2	1- Differentiate between normal and abnormal anatomical structures on a chest X-ray to aid in rapid trauma assessment.	K/S/A/C	SMALL GROUP TEACHING, OUTPATIENT CLINIC	CIVA

Chest Trauma

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG20.1	1- Identify and classify different types of chest trauma, including blunt and penetrating injuries.	K/S/A/C	SMALL GROUP TEACHING, OUTPATIENT CLINIC	CIVA
SURG20.2	1- Outline the initial management and stabilization of patients with chest trauma following Advanced Trauma Life Support (ATLS) guidelines.	K/S/A/C	SMALL GROUP TEACHING, OUTPATIENT CLINIC	CIVA

Chest Drain

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG21.1	1- Describe the indications, contraindications, and complications of chest drain insertion.	K/S/A/C	SMALL GROUP TEACHING, OUTPATIENT CLINIC	CIVA
SURG21.2	1- Demonstrate the correct technique for insertion and securement of an intercostal chest drain in a simulated or clinical setting.	K/S/A/C	SMALL GROUP TEACHING, OUTPATIENT CLINIC	CIVA

Vascular Trauma

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG22.1	1- Recognize signs and symptoms of major vascular injuries and understand their implications in trauma patients.	K/S/A/C	SMALL GROUP TEACHING, OUTPATIENT CLINIC	CIVA
SURG22.2	1- Discuss the principles of emergency management and surgical intervention in vascular trauma, including hemorrhage control and limb salvage.	K/S/A/C	SMALL GROUP TEACHING, OUTPATIENT CLINIC	CIVA

Kidney Stones

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG23.1	1- Diagnose kidney stones using clinical presentation and imaging techniques (US, CT KUB). 2- Outline medical management options, including hydration and alkalinization therapy.	K/S/A/C	SMALL GROUP TEACHING, OUTPATIENT CLINIC	CIVA / SHORT ANSWER QUESTION
SURG23.2	1- Describe indications for extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) and ureteroscopy. 2- Recognize and manage complications such as obstruction and infection.	K/S/A/C	SMALL GROUP TEACHING, OUTPATIENT CLINIC	CIVA / SHORT ANSWER QUESTION

Kidney & Bladder Trauma

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG24.1	1- Classify renal and bladder injuries based on severity and imaging findings. 2- Outline conservative vs. surgical management approaches in renal trauma.	K/S/A/C	SMALL GROUP TEACHING, OUTPATIENT CLINIC	CIVA / SHORT ANSWER QUESTION
SURG24.2	1- Describe the role of cystography in diagnosing bladder rupture. 2- Manage associated complications, such as urinary extravasation and hemorrhage.	K/S/A/C	SMALL GROUP TEACHING, OUTPATIENT CLINIC	CIVA / SHORT ANSWER QUESTION

Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs)

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
SURG25.1	1- Differentiate between uncomplicated and complicated UTIs. 2- Describe the role of urine culture and antibiotic selection in treatment.	K/S/A/C	SMALL GROUP TEACHING, OUTPATIENT CLINIC	CIVA / SHORT ANSWER QUESTION
SURG25.2	1- Recognize indications for hospitalization and IV antibiotics in pyelonephritis. 2- Explain preventive strategies for recurrent UTIs.Recognize open fractures and describe the principles of emergency management, including debridement, irrigation, and fixation.	K/S/A/C	SMALL GROUP TEACHING, OUTPATIENT CLINIC	CIVA / SHORT ANSWER QUESTION

OPHTHALMOLOGY \ Grade 5

Code: OPTH 507    Credits: 5

Anatomy and physiology of the eye part 1

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
OPTH1.1	Understand the gross anatomy of the eyeball and its layers: Learn about the sclera, uvea, and retina, and their specific functions, which are vital for vision and ocular health. Clinical Benefit: Knowledge of the eyeball’s structure is essential in diagnosing conditions such as glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, and retinal detachments, allowing for better management and prevention of vision loss.	K	Large group lecture	MCQ & short answer Questions
OPTH1.2	Understand the physiological mechanisms of aqueous humor production and its regulation: The production, circulation, and drainage of aqueous humor are crucial for maintaining intraocular pressure, affecting conditions like glaucoma. Clinical Benefit: Understanding aqueous humor dynamics helps in the diagnosis and treatment of glaucoma, preventing further optic nerve damage and vision impairment due to high intraocular pressure.	K	Large group lecture	MCQ & short answer Questions

Anatomy and physiology of the eye part 2

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
OPTH2.1	Understand the detailed anatomy of the cornea and its clinical relevance: Recognizing the five layers of the cornea and their role in maintaining transparency is crucial for diagnosing and managing corneal diseases like keratoconus and corneal dystrophies. Clinical Benefit: A solid understanding of corneal anatomy helps in the diagnosis and treatment of conditions that affect vision, such as corneal abrasions and keratoconus, ensuring better management and preventing vision loss.	K	Large group lecture	MCQ & short answer Questions
OPTH2.2	Recognize the neural pathway of vision and its integration with neurological lesions: Understanding how visual information is transmitted from the retina to the brain helps in diagnosing neurological conditions that affect vision, such as optic neuritis and glaucoma. Clinical Benefit: This knowledge is vital for identifying visual field defects and neurological disorders, allowing early detection and appropriate management of conditions like glaucoma, optic neuropathies, and brain lesions that impact vision.	K	Large group lecture	MCQ & short answer Questions

Diseases of eyelids part 1

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
OPTH3.1	Understand the anatomy and pathology of the eyelids: Knowledge of the eyelid structure, including the tarsal plates, meibomian glands, and orbicularis oculi muscle, aids in diagnosing and managing common eyelid conditions such as blepharitis and eyelid malpositions. Clinical Benefit: This understanding helps in treating eyelid disorders, improving patient outcomes in conditions like blepharitis, hordeolum, and ptosis, and preventing complications like corneal damage.	K	Large group lecture	MCQ & short answer Questions
OPTH3.2	Identify and manage eyelid infections and inflammations: Recognizing the causes, diagnosis, and treatment options for conditions such as herpes simplex, herpes zoster, and xanthelasma ensures effective management and prevention of complications. Clinical Benefit: Early diagnosis and treatment of eyelid infections and inflammatory conditions reduce the risk of serious complications, such as vision loss, chronic inflammation, or systemic effects, and improve cosmetic outcomes.	K	Large group lecture	MCQ & short answer Questions

Diseases of eyelids part 2

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
OPTH4.1	A. Understand the clinical features and management of benign and malignant eyelid tumors B. Learn to differentiate between benign tumors like papillomas and seborrheic keratosis and malignant ones like basal cell carcinoma and sebaceous gland carcinoma, along with appropriate management strategies. Clinical Benefit: Early detection and correct management of eyelid tumors can prevent malignancy spread, preserve ocular function, and improve cosmetic outcomes through surgical excision and reconstructive procedures.	K	Large group lecture	MCQ & short answer Questions
OPTH4.2	A. Recognize and manage eyelid conditions related to functional and traumatic issues B. Understand the clinical presentation and treatment of conditions such as floppy eyelid syndrome, blepharospasm, hemifacial spasm, and traumatic eyelid injuries, and the surgical management of congenital ptosis. Clinical Benefit: Proper diagnosis and treatment of functional and traumatic eyelid disorders improve patient comfort, restore eyelid function, and prevent long-term visual or cosmetic complications, such as corneal exposure or eyelid malposition.	K	Large group lecture	MCQ & short answer Questions

Disorders of lacrimal system

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
OPTH5.1	A. Understand the anatomy and physiology of the lacrimal system B. Learn how tear production, drainage, and the role of the nasolacrimal duct contribute to maintaining ocular surface health and comfort. Clinical Benefit: A solid understanding of lacrimal system function aids in diagnosing and treating conditions.	K	Large group lecture	MCQ & short answer Questions
OPTH5.2	A. Recognize and manage lacrimal system disorders B. Understand the etiology, clinical presentation, and management of conditions like dacryocystitis, congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction, and epiphora, and the surgical techniques used for treatment. Clinical Benefit: Timely intervention in conditions affecting the lacrimal system, including surgery for dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR) and lacrimal probing, improves tear drainage and alleviates symptoms like chronic tearing and infection, enhancing patient comfort and preventing complications.	K	Large group lecture	MCQ & short answer Questions

Diseases of conjunctiva part 1

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
OPTH6.1	A. Understand the normal anatomy and function of the conjunctiva B. Learn about the conjunctiva’s role in ocular surface immunity and its importance in maintaining eye health and preventing infections. Clinical Benefit: Knowledge of conjunctival anatomy and function helps in diagnosing and treating conjunctival conditions such as infections and inflammation, leading to better management of diseases like conjunctivitis and pterygium.	K	Large group lecture	MCQ & short answer Questions
OPTH6.2	A. Differentiate and manage types of conjunctivitis and other conjunctival disorders B. Recognize the clinical features of bacterial, viral, and allergic conjunctivitis and understand the management strategies, including the use of antibiotics, antihistamines, and surgical interventions for pterygium and subconjunctival hemorrhage.	K	Large group lecture	MCQ & short answer Questions

Diseases of conjunctiva part 2

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
OPTH7.1	A. Understand the presentation and management of conjunctival disorders B. Recognize the clinical features of conditions such as superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis, conjunctival xerosis, and conjunctival tumors, along with their respective treatments. Clinical Benefit: Early identification and proper management of conjunctival disorders, such as conjunctival tumors and superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis, help prevent vision-threatening complications and ensure appropriate therapeutic interventions.	K	Large group lecture	MCQ & short answer Questions
OPTH7.2	A. Recognize the systemic impact and management of conjunctival conditions B. Learn how systemic issues like vitamin A deficiency, autoimmune diseases, and trachoma manifest in the conjunctiva and understand their management, including conjunctival biopsy and the WHO SAFE strategy. Clinical Benefit: Understanding the relationship between systemic diseases and conjunctival health aids in diagnosing underlying conditions like vitamin A deficiency and trachoma, enabling targeted treatment and improving public health outcomes, especially in endemic areas.	K	Large group lecture	MCQ & short answer Questions

Diseases of Cornea Part 1

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
OPTH 8.1	A. Understand the structure and function of the cornea B. Learn about the cornea’s role in vision, ocular protection, and its importance in maintaining optical clarity and integrity. Clinical Benefit: Knowledge of corneal structure aids in the diagnosis and treatment of conditions like keratitis, corneal ulcers, and keratoconus.	K	Large group lecture	MCQ & short answer Questions
OPTH 8.2	Recognize and manage corneal infections and disorders: Understand the clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management of bacterial, viral, fungal, and Acanthamoeba keratitis, as well as conditions requiring corneal transplantation and cross-linking.	K	Large group lecture	MCQ & short answer Questions

Diseases of Cornea Part 2

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
OPTH 9.1	A. Understand the clinical features and management of corneal dystrophies and degenerations B. Learn about conditions like Fuchs’ endothelial dystrophy, band keratopathy, and lipid keratopathy, including their clinical presentations and treatment options. Clinical Benefit: Accurate diagnosis and effective management of corneal dystrophies and degenerations help preserve vision and prevent the need for corneal transplantation by addressing symptoms early.	K	Large group lecture	MCQ & short answer Questions
OPTH 9.2	A. Recognize and manage corneal disorders requiring surgical intervention B. Understand the clinical presentation and treatment options for conditions like keratoconus, recurrent corneal erosion, and peripheral ulcerative keratitis, including the role of surgery and artificial corneas. Clinical Benefit: Proper management of advanced corneal conditions such as keratoconus and autoimmune-related keratitis improves visual outcomes and reduces the risk of blindness through timely surgical intervention and appropriate use of keratoprosthesis.	K	Large group lecture	MCQ & short answer Questions

Disease of Sclera and Episclera

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
OPTH 10.1	A. Understand the anatomy and pathology of the sclera and episclera B. Learn about the structure, function, and vascular supply of the sclera and episclera, and how these tissues relate to other ocular structures, including the differentiation between episcleritis and scleritis.	K	Large group lecture	MCQ & short answer Questions
OPTH 10.2	A. Recognize and manage scleritis and its systemic associations B. Understand the causes, clinical features, and management of scleritis, including its classification, complications, and systemic connections to diseases like rheumatoid arthritis and granulomatosis with polyangiitis. Clinical Benefit: Knowledge of scleritis’ systemic associations and complications ensures timely diagnosis, accurate management (including immunosuppressive therapy), and prevention of severe outcomes such as scleral thinning and secondary glaucoma.	K	Large group lecture	MCQ & short answer Questions

Refractive Error

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
OPTH 11.1	A. Understand the physiological basis and classification of refractive errors B. Learn about the optical principles of refraction and the types of refractive errors (myopia, hyperopia, astigmatism, and presbyopia), including their clinical presentation. Clinical Benefit: Accurate diagnosis and understanding of refractive errors enable appropriate correction methods.	K	Large group lecture	MCQ & short answer Questions
OPTH 11.2	A. Learn about the treatment options and management of refractive errors B. Explore various treatment methods for refractive errors, including optical aids like glasses and contact lenses, as well as surgical interventions like LASIK, PRK, and intraocular lenses. Clinical Benefit: Knowledge of refractive error treatments, including surgical options, ensures optimal vision correction and helps manage complications.	K	Large group lecture	MCQ & short answer Questions

Cornea and Refractive Surgery

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
OPTH 12.1	A. Understand the indications, techniques, and complications of refractive surgery B. Learn about LASIK, PRK, and SMILE, including patient selection criteria, benefits, and potential risks such as ectasia and dry eye syndrome. Clinical Benefit: Proper preoperative assessment and surgical planning reduce complications and improve patient outcomes in refractive surgery.	K	Large group lecture	MCQ & short answer Questions
OPTH 12.2	A. Recognize the role of corneal cross-linking and transplantation in managing corneal disorders B. Understand the indications and techniques for corneal cross-linking in keratoconus and post-refractive surgery ectasia, as well as the different types of corneal transplants. Clinical Benefit: Early intervention with cross-linking can prevent keratoconus progression, while appropriate transplant selection helps restore vision in severe corneal pathology.	K	Large group lecture	MCQ & short answer Questions

Disorders of lens part 1

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
OPTH 13.1	A. Understand the pathophysiology, classification, and systemic associations of cataracts. B. Learn about the risk factors, types of cataracts, and how systemic diseases like diabetes influence their progression. Clinical Benefit: Early identification of cataracts and associated systemic conditions allows for timely intervention and better visual prognosis.	K	Large group lecture	MCQ & short answer Questions
OPTH 13.2	A. Recognize the principles of cataract surgery and intraocular lens (IOL) implantation. B. Understand surgical techniques such as phacoemulsification and extracapsular cataract extraction, along with IOL selection criteria. Clinical Benefit: Proper surgical planning and IOL selection optimize visual rehabilitation and minimize postoperative complications.	K	Large group lecture	MCQ & short answer Questions

Disorders of lens part 2

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
OPTH 14.1	A. Understand the causes and management of ectopia lentis and traumatic lens dislocation. B. Learn the genetic associations (e.g., Marfan syndrome, homocystinuria) and surgical interventions for displaced lenses. Clinical Benefit: Early diagnosis and appropriate management prevent visual impairment and complications like secondary glaucoma.	K	Large group lecture	MCQ & short answer Questions
OPTH 14.2	A. Recognize advances in cataract surgery and postoperative rehabilitation. B. Understand techniques like femtosecond laser-assisted cataract surgery and the role of multifocal/accommodating IOLs in presbyopia. Clinical Benefit: Improved surgical precision, faster recovery, and enhanced patient satisfaction through personalized lens implantation.	K	Large group lecture	MCQ & short answer Questions

Diseases of uveal tract I

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
OPTH 15.1	A. Differentiate infectious and non-infectious causes of uveitis and their diagnostic approach. B. Learn to identify systemic associations using slit-lamp examination, imaging, and laboratory tests. Clinical Benefit: Accurate classification of uveitis ensures targeted treatment, preventing complications like vision loss.	K	Large group lecture	MCQ & short answer Questions
OPTH 15.2	A. Understand the management and complications of anterior uveitis. B. Explore corticosteroid use, immunosuppressive therapy, and the role of biologic agents in refractory cases. Clinical Benefit: Timely treatment reduces inflammation, preventing secondary issues like glaucoma, cataracts, and macular edema.	K	Large group lecture	MCQ & short answer Questions

Diseases of uveal tract II

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
OPTH 16.1	A. Differentiate posterior and intermediate uveitis, including their systemic associations. B. Understand the clinical presentation, imaging findings, and treatment approaches for conditions like toxoplasmosis, viral retinitis, and pars planitis. Clinical Benefit: Accurate diagnosis helps prevent vision-threatening complications such as retinal detachment and macular edema.	K	Large group lecture	MCQ & short answer Questions
OPTH 16.2	A. Recognize the role of immunomodulatory therapy and surgical interventions in chronic uveitis. B. Learn indications for corticosteroids, biologic agents, and surgeries like vitrectomy and cataract extraction.	K	Large group lecture	MCQ & short answer Questions

Ocular injury

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
OPTH 17.1	Differentiate between types of ocular trauma (blunt, penetrating, perforating) and their clinical implications. Clinical Benefit: Enables early identification of high-risk injuries (e.g., globe rupture, intraocular foreign body), ensuring timely surgical intervention and reducing vision-threatening complications.	K	Large group lecture	MCQ & short answer Questions
OPTH 17.2	Develop a systematic approach for assessing and managing ocular trauma, including imaging and surgical decision-making.	K	Large group lecture	MCQ & short answer Questions

Glaucoma part 1

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
OPTH 18.1	Understand the pathophysiology and classification of glaucoma, including its various forms. Clinical Benefit: Enhances the ability to correctly diagnose the type of glaucoma and select the appropriate treatment, ultimately preventing vision loss due to optic nerve damage.	K	Large group lecture	MCQ & short answer Questions
OPTH 18.2	Develop proficiency in the clinical diagnosis and management of primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG), including diagnostic tests and medical therapies. Clinical Benefit: Improves early detection and effective management of POAG, reducing the risk of progression to blindness through personalized treatment plans that optimize IOP control.	K	Large group lecture	MCQ & short answer Questions

Glaucoma part 2

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
OPTH 19.1	Understand the pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and risk factors of primary angle-closure glaucoma (PACG), and its acute management. Clinical Benefit: Enables timely recognition and intervention of PACG, reducing the risk of irreversible vision loss through acute medical management and emergency laser treatment.	K	Large group lecture	MCQ & short answer Questions
OPTH 19.2	Familiarize with the diagnosis and management of secondary glaucomas and congenital glaucoma, including surgical options. Clinical Benefit: Ensures comprehensive care for secondary and congenital glaucomas, enhancing the ability to manage complex glaucoma cases and prevent further complications, particularly in pediatric patients.	K	Large group lecture	MCQ & short answer Questions

Ocular tumor

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
OPTH 20.1	Classify ocular tumors into benign and malignant types, identifying primary and metastatic tumors. Clinical Benefit: Provides a foundational understanding to differentiate between benign and malignant ocular tumors, enabling timely and accurate diagnosis, critical for initiating the appropriate treatment.	K	Large group lecture	MCQ & short answer Questions
OPTH 20.2	Describe the clinical presentation and management of retinoblastoma, uveal melanoma, and orbital tumors, with an emphasis on surgical and radiotherapy interventions.	K	Large group lecture	MCQ & short answer Questions

Retinal disease part 1

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
OPTH 21.1	Describe the anatomy and function of the retina, including its blood supply and role in vision. Clinical Benefit: Understanding retinal anatomy and blood supply is critical for diagnosing and managing retinal diseases effectively, ensuring appropriate treatment decisions for conditions like diabetic retinopathy and retinal vascular occlusions.	K	Large group lecture	MCQ & short answer Questions
OPTH 21.2	Explain the pathophysiology, risk factors, and treatment options for diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular edema, including the use of laser photocoagulation, anti-VEGF therapy, and vitrectomy.	K	Large group lecture	MCQ & short answer Questions

Retinal disease part 2

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
OPTH 22.1	Describe the classification, clinical features, and genetic basis of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Clinical Benefit: Understanding AMD classification and genetics helps in diagnosing the condition early, providing personalized management plans to slow disease progression and optimize visual outcomes in elderly patients.	K	Large group lecture	MCQ & short answer Questions
OPTH 22.2	Explain the role of anti-VEGF therapy in the management of wet AMD and its long-term outcomes. Clinical Benefit: Knowledge of anti-VEGF therapy is essential for effectively managing wet AMD, preventing vision loss, and ensuring patients receive the most appropriate and evidence-based treatment for long-term visual preservation.	K	Large group lecture	MCQ & short answer Questions

Uses of laser in ophthalmology

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
OPTH 23.1	Explain the principles of laser physics and its application in ophthalmology. Clinical Benefit: Understanding laser principles enhances the effectiveness of treatment and ensures appropriate laser use in various ocular conditions, improving patient outcomes and minimizing complications.	K	Large group lecture	MCQ & short answer Questions
OPTH 23.2	Describe the indications, techniques, and complications of laser photocoagulation in diabetic retinopathy and retinal vein occlusions. Clinical Benefit: Mastery of laser photocoagulation techniques is critical in preventing vision loss in patients with diabetic retinopathy or retinal vein occlusions, helping manage these conditions with minimal risk.	K	Large group lecture	MCQ & short answer Questions

Neuro-ophthalmology part 1

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
OPTH 24.1	Describe the visual pathway and common sites of lesions leading to visual field defects. Clinical Benefit: Understanding the visual pathway and lesion locations helps in accurately diagnosing visual field defects, enabling targeted interventions to preserve vision and prevent further visual loss.	K	Large group lecture	MCQ & short answer Questions
OPTH 24.2	Discuss the clinical presentation, diagnosis, and management of optic neuritis, including its association with multiple sclerosis. Clinical Benefit: Early recognition and treatment of optic neuritis, especially in patients with multiple sclerosis, can reduce vision loss and improve patient prognosis through appropriate immunomodulatory therapies.	K	Large group lecture	MCQ & short answer Questions

Neuro-ophthalmology part 2

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
OPTH 25.1	Describe the common causes and clinical presentation of compressive optic neuropathies, including tumors and vascular lesions. Clinical Benefit: Early identification of compressive optic neuropathies allows for timely intervention, such as surgical resection or radiation, to prevent permanent vision loss.	K	Large group lecture	MCQ & short answer Questions
OPTH 25.2	Discuss the diagnosis and management of cranial nerve palsies affecting eye movements (III, IV, VI). Clinical Benefit: Accurate diagnosis and prompt treatment of cranial nerve palsies, whether from ischemic, traumatic, or neoplastic causes.	K	Large group lecture	MCQ & short answer Questions

Strabismus part 1

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
OPTH 26.1	Define strabismus and explain the classification into concomitant and incomitant types. Clinical Benefit: Understanding the types of strabismus helps guide appropriate treatment plans, such as surgical intervention or vision therapy.	K	Large group lecture	MCQ & short answer Questions
OPTH 26.2	Discuss the clinical assessment of strabismus, including Hirschberg test, cover tests, and extraocular motility examination. Clinical Benefit: Proper assessment is essential for diagnosing the type and severity of strabismus, ensuring accurate treatment, including occlusion therapy, prism glasses, or surgery, to improve visual function and alignment.	K	Large group lecture	MCQ & short answer Questions

Strabismus part 2

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
OPTH 27.1	Describe the clinical features and management of paralytic strabismus due to cranial nerve palsies (III, IV, VI). Clinical Benefit: Understanding the causes of paralytic strabismus, such as cranial nerve palsies, enables timely diagnosis and targeted treatments (e.g., prisms, surgery, or botulinum toxin), improving eye alignment and function.	K	Large group lecture	MCQ & short answer Questions
OPTH 27.2	Explain the pathophysiology and clinical assessment of restrictive strabismus, including thyroid eye disease and orbital fractures. Clinical Benefit: Identifying restrictive strabismus helps to distinguish between mechanical causes (such as orbital fractures) and neurologic ones, guiding the appropriate surgical or medical management to restore ocular motility and prevent permanent visual impairment.	K	Large group lecture	MCQ & short answer Questions

The eye and systemic diseases part 1

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
OPTH 28.1	Explain the ocular manifestations of diabetes mellitus, including diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular edema, and their management. Clinical Benefit: Recognizing diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular edema in a timely manner allows for early intervention (e.g., laser photocoagulation, anti-VEGF treatment) to prevent vision loss and improve the patient's quality of life.	K	Large group lecture	MCQ & short answer Questions
OPTH 28.2	Discuss hypertensive retinopathy, its grading, and its significance as a marker of systemic vascular disease. Clinical Benefit: Understanding hypertensive retinopathy and its grading helps detect systemic hypertension early and manage it appropriately to prevent further ocular and cardiovascular complications.	K	Large group lecture	MCQ & short answer Questions

The eye and systemic diseases part 2

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
OPTH 29.1	Describe the ophthalmic manifestations of metabolic disorders such as Wilson’s disease (Kayser-Fleischer rings) and Fabry disease (corneal verticillata). Clinical Benefit: Identifying Kayser-Fleischer rings and corneal verticillata allows for early diagnosis of systemic metabolic conditions like Wilson’s and Fabry diseases, leading to appropriate systemic management and preventing irreversible ocular and systemic damage.	K	Large group lecture	MCQ & short answer Questions
OPTH 29.2	Discuss the ocular effects of vitamin deficiencies, including vitamin A deficiency (xerophthalmia, night blindness). Clinical Benefit: Recognizing signs of vitamin A deficiency in the eye (xerophthalmia, night blindness) allows early supplementation to prevent irreversible corneal damage and blindness.	K	Large group lecture	MCQ & short answer Questions

Advances in ophthalmology

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
OPTH 30.1	Discuss recent developments in the diagnosis and treatment of age-related macular degeneration, including gene therapy and artificial retinas. Clinical Benefit: Understanding emerging treatments like gene therapy and artificial retinas allows ophthalmologists to offer new treatment options for patients with age-related macular degeneration, potentially preserving vision and improving quality of life.	K	Large group lecture	MCQ & short answer Questions
OPTH 30.2	Explain the role of minimally invasive glaucoma surgery (MIGS) in glaucoma management. Clinical Benefit: Familiarity with MIGS techniques enables clinicians to provide safer and less invasive treatment alternatives for glaucoma patients, reducing recovery times and minimizing surgical risks.	K	Large group lecture	MCQ & short answer Questions

Practical

Glaucoma

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
OPTH 1.1	Explain the pathophysiology, risk factors, and types of glaucoma (e.g., open-angle vs. angle-closure). Clinical Benefit: Enhances early identification of at-risk patients, leading to timely screening and prevention of vision loss.	K/S/C	Small group Outpatients clinic	SIVA exam
OPTH 1.2	Demonstrate the correct technique for measuring intraocular pressure (IOP) using tonometry. Clinical Benefit: Facilitates early diagnosis and monitoring of glaucoma progression, improving treatment outcomes and preserving vision.	K/S/C	Small group Outpatients clinic	SIVA exam

Eye trauma

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
OPTH 2.1	Identify and classify common types of ocular injuries (e.g., corneal abrasions, foreign bodies, retinal detachment). Clinical Benefit: Improves the ability to recognize and prioritize treatment for different types of eye trauma, minimizing the risk of permanent damage and loss of vision.	K/S/C	Small group Outpatients clinic	SIVA exam
OPTH 2.2	Demonstrate the appropriate management of a penetrating eye injury, including the use of protective coverings and the referral process. Clinical Benefit: Ensures timely and proper intervention to prevent complications such as infection, bleeding, or further damage, preserving vision and reducing the risk of long-term disability.	K/S/C	Small group Outpatients clinic	SIVA exam

Red eye

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
OPTH 3.1	Differentiate between common causes of red eye, including conjunctivitis, dry eye, and uveitis. Clinical Benefit: Enhances diagnostic accuracy, ensuring appropriate treatment for the underlying cause of red eye, which can prevent complications such as vision loss or chronic discomfort.	K/S/C	Small group Outpatients clinic	SIVA exam
OPTH 3.2	Identify red flags that indicate more serious conditions, such as acute angle-closure glaucoma or orbital cellulitis, in patients presenting with red eye. Clinical Benefit: Promotes timely referral and management of potentially sight-threatening or life-threatening conditions, improving patient outcomes and reducing the risk of permanent damage.	K/S/C	Small group Outpatients clinic	SIVA exam

Eye squint

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
OPTH 4.1	Recognize and differentiate between types of strabismus, such as esotropia (inward turning) and exotropia (outward turning), and understand their potential causes. Clinical Benefit: Early recognition of strabismus can help guide timely treatment to prevent amblyopia (lazy eye) and ensure proper visual development, especially in children.	K/S/C	Small group Outpatients clinic	SIVA exam
OPTH 4.2	Understand and demonstrate the steps for a comprehensive ocular examination to assess eye alignment, including the cover-uncover test and the Hirschberg test. Clinical Benefit: Accurate assessment and diagnosis of eye misalignment lead to effective management strategies, such as corrective glasses, vision therapy, or surgical interventions, to correct eye alignment and improve visual function.	K/S/C	Small group Outpatients clinic	SIVA exam

Vision loss

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
OPTH 5.1	Recognize the common causes of vision loss, including diabetic retinopathy, macular degeneration, glaucoma, and cataracts. Clinical Benefit: Enhances early identification of treatable conditions, leading to timely interventions and preserving vision in patients at risk of progressive sight loss.	K/S/C	Small group Outpatients clinic	SIVA exam
OPTH 5.2	Understand and demonstrate the steps for conducting a comprehensive visual field test and retinal examination. Clinical Benefit: Improves diagnostic accuracy for detecting conditions like glaucoma or retinal diseases, enabling earlier treatment that can slow or prevent further vision loss and improve patient outcomes.	K/S/C	Small group Outpatients clinic	SIVA exam

ENT \ Grade 5

Code: OTOR 508    Credits:3

Anatomy and physiology of the nose

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
OTOR 1.1	Describe the anatomical structure of the nose, including external and internal components, and their clinical relevance.	K	Large group lectures	Multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)
OTOR 1.2	Explain the physiological functions of the nose, including olfaction, air filtration, humidification, and resonance in speech.	K	Large group lectures	Multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)
OTOR 1.3	Discuss the blood supply and venous drainage of the nasal cavity and their implications in epistaxis.	K	Large group lectures	Multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)
OTOR 1.4	Describe the innervation of the nasal mucosa and its role in allergic and non-allergic rhinitis.	K	Large group lectures	Multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)
OTOR 1.5	Explain the mucociliary clearance mechanism and its role in preventing infections such as sinusitis.	K	Large group lectures	Multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)
OTOR 1.6	Discuss the development of the nasal septum and common congenital anomalies such as choanal atresia.	K	Large group lectures	Multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)
OTOR 1.7	Describe the clinical significance of the paranasal sinuses in infections and their relation to the orbit and brain.	K	Large group lectures	Multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)

Anatomy and physiology of the ear

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
OTOR 2.1	Describe the anatomical structure of the external, middle, and inner ear and their clinical relevance.	K	Large group lectures	Multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)
OTOR 2.2	Explain the function of the tympanic membrane and ossicles in sound transmission and the impact of dysfunction on hearing loss.	K	Large group lectures	Multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)
OTOR 2.3	Discuss the role of the Eustachian tube in middle ear ventilation and its clinical significance in otitis media.	K	Large group lectures	Multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)
OTOR 2.4	Describe the cochlear mechanism of hearing, including the function of hair cells and their damage in noise-induced hearing loss.	K	Large group lectures	Multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)
OTOR 2.5	Explain the vestibular system and its role in balance, including the clinical presentation of vestibular disorders such as vertigo.	K	Large group lectures	Multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)
OTOR 2.6	Discuss the blood supply and innervation of the ear and their importance in facial nerve dysfunction.	K	Large group lectures	Multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)
OTOR 2.7	Recognize the embryological development of the ear and common congenital anomalies such as microtia and atresia.	K	Large group lectures	Multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)

Anatomy and physiology of the mouth, pharynx, and larynx

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
OTOR 3.1	Describe the anatomical structures of the oral cavity, pharynx, and larynx, emphasizing their roles in respiration, swallowing, and speech.	K	Large group lectures	Multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)
OTOR 3.2	Explain the physiology of deglutition and the role of the pharyngeal muscles in preventing aspiration.	K	Large group lectures	Multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)
OTOR 3.3	Discuss the innervation of the larynx, including the role of the recurrent laryngeal nerve in vocal cord function.	K	Large group lectures	Multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)
OTOR 3.4	Explain the physiological mechanisms of voice production and the impact of laryngeal diseases on phonation.	K	Large group lectures	Multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)
OTOR 3.5	Recognize the importance of lymphatic drainage of the pharynx and larynx in the spread of infections and malignancies.	K	Large group lectures	Multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)
OTOR 3.6	Describe the vascular supply of the oral cavity and pharynx and its clinical significance in hemorrhage.	K	Large group lectures	Multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)
OTOR 3.7	Discuss the protective functions of the tonsils and adenoids and their role in recurrent infections.	K	Large group lectures	Multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)
OTOR 3.8	Explain the embryology of the larynx and common congenital anomalies such as laryngomalacia.	K	Large group lectures	Multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)

Diseases of the external ear

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
OTOR 4.1	Identify and describe common external ear pathologies, including acute and chronic otitis externa, fungal infections, trauma, foreign bodies, and impacted cerumen, along with their causes, risk factors, clinical presentations, and diagnostic approach.	K	Large group lectures	Multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)
OTOR 4.2	Apply clinical examination techniques to evaluate external ear disorders, including the use of otoscopy to assess the external auditory canal and tympanic membrane, recognizing signs of inflammation, infection, or injury.	K/S	Large group lectures	Multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)
OTOR 4.3	Formulate appropriate treatment and management plans for external ear conditions using topical and systemic medications, proper ear hygiene techniques, and identifying cases that require surgical intervention or ENT referral.	K	Large group lectures	Multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)
OTOR 4.4	Recognize potential complications and their clinical implications, such as malignant otitis externa and cellulitis, particularly in high-risk groups like diabetics and immunocompromised patients, and understand the importance of early intervention.	K	Large group lectures	Multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)

Otitis media with effusion

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
OTOR 5.1	Define Otitis Media with Effusion and distinguish it from other forms of otitis media, focusing on its non-suppurative nature and the presence of fluid behind the tympanic membrane without signs of acute infection.	K	Large group lectures	Multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)
OTOR 5.2	Explain the pathophysiology of OME, including Eustachian tube dysfunction, negative middle ear pressure, and the accumulation of sterile fluid, particularly in pediatric populations.	K	Large group lectures	Multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)
OTOR 5.3	Identify the typical clinical features of OME, such as hearing loss, aural fullness, and speech delay in children, and learn how to perform an otoscopic examination to observe a dull, retracted tympanic membrane with visible fluid levels or air bubbles.	K/S	Large group lectures	Multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)
OTOR 5.4	Discuss diagnostic tools and criteria, including tympanometry and audiometry, to confirm the presence of middle ear effusion and assess the degree of conductive hearing loss.	K/S	Large group lectures	Multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)
OTOR 5.5	Review the treatment options and management strategies, from observation and medical therapy to the indications for surgical interventions like myringotomy and grommet (ventilation tube) insertion.	K	Large group lectures	Multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)
OTOR 5.6	Understand the potential complications and long-term consequences of untreated or recurrent OME, such as speech and language delay, chronic otitis media, and impact on academic performance.	K	Large group lectures	Multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)

Acute otitis media

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
OTOR 6.1	Define Acute Otitis Media and describe its epidemiology, emphasizing its high prevalence in infants and young children and its relationship to upper respiratory tract infections.	K	Large group lectures	Multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)
OTOR 6.2	Understand the pathophysiology and clinical presentation of acute otitis media, including the role of Eustachian tube dysfunction, common pathogens (such as Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae), and the typical symptoms like otalgia, fever, and hearing loss.	K	Large group lectures	Multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)
OTOR 6.3	Recognize key diagnostic features through otoscopic examination, differentiating AOM from otitis media with effusion, and appreciate the significance of tympanic membrane changes (e.g., bulging, erythema, immobility).	K/S	Large group lectures	Multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)
OTOR 6.4	Identify evidence-based treatment strategies, including indications for antibiotic therapy, analgesia, and monitoring, as well as when to consider referral to ENT or surgical intervention (e.g., tympanostomy tubes in recurrent cases).	K	Large group lectures	Multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)

Chronic otitis media

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
OTOR 7.1	Understand the pathophysiology and classification of chronic otitis media, distinguishing between safe (tubotympanic) and unsafe (atticoantral) types, with emphasis on chronic inflammation and persistent tympanic membrane perforation.	K	Large group lectures	Multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)
OTOR 7.2	Identify common clinical presentations and complications, such as conductive hearing loss, otorrhea, and potential development of cholesteatoma, as well as intracranial and extracranial complications.	K	Large group lectures	Multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)
OTOR 7.3	Review diagnostic and therapeutic strategies, including otoscopic examination, hearing evaluation, imaging for complications, and the role of medical versus surgical management, especially tympanoplasty and mastoidectomy.	K/S	Large group lectures	Multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)

Complications of otitis media

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
OTOR 8.1	Recognize the major extracranial and intracranial complications of otitis media, including mastoiditis, facial nerve palsy, labyrinthitis, brain abscess, meningitis, and lateral sinus thrombosis.	K	Large group lectures	Multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)
OTOR 8.2	Understand the clinical features and diagnostic approach for each complication, including when to suspect complications based on worsening or atypical symptoms.	K	Large group lectures	Multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)
OTOR 8.3	Discuss appropriate management plans, including urgent referral, imaging choices (CT/MRI), intravenous antibiotics, and surgical interventions like mastoidectomy when indicated.	K/S	Large group lectures	Multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)

Hearing loss

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
OTOR 9.1	Classify hearing loss into conductive, sensorineural, and mixed types, understanding the pathophysiological differences and their impact on auditory function.	K	Large group lectures	Multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)
OTOR 9.2	Identify the causes of hearing loss across different age groups, including congenital, acquired, genetic, and environmental factors, with particular attention to common clinical scenarios.	K	Large group lectures	Multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)
OTOR 9.3	Interpret audiometric tests, such as pure tone audiometry, speech audiometry, and tympanometry, to diagnose the type and degree of hearing loss.	K/S	Large group lectures	Multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)
OTOR 9.4	Discuss treatment and management strategies, including medical, surgical, and rehabilitative approaches such as hearing aids, cochlear implants, and speech therapy.	K	Large group lectures	Multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)
OTOR 9.5	Recognize the impact of hearing loss on a patient's quality of life and psychological well-being, and understand the importance of early intervention.	K	Large group lectures	Multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)

Facial nerve

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
OTOR 10.1	Understand the anatomy of the facial nerve, including its origin, course, branches, and its relationship with surrounding structures such as the brainstem, temporal bone, and facial muscles.	K	Large group lectures	Multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)
OTOR 10.2	Identify the functions of the facial nerve, including motor control of facial muscles, sensory functions related to taste on the anterior two-thirds of the tongue, and parasympathetic innervation to lacrimal and salivary glands.	K	Large group lectures	Multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)
OTOR 10.3	Discuss diagnostic tools used in evaluating facial nerve function, such as electromyography (EMG), facial nerve conduction studies, and imaging techniques (CT/MRI) to assess for structural abnormalities.	K/S	Large group lectures	Multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)
OTOR 10.4	Understand the management of facial nerve injuries and disorders, including pharmacological treatments, physical therapy, and surgical options for restoring function.	K	Large group lectures	Multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)

Diseases of nasal septum

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
OTOR 11.1	Understand the anatomy of the nasal septum and its clinical significance in nasal airflow and breathing.	K	Large group lectures	Multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)
OTOR 11.2	Recognize common diseases of the nasal septum, such as deviation and perforation, and how they impact nasal function and airflow.	K	Large group lectures	Multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)
OTOR 11.3	Identify clinical symptoms associated with nasal septum disorders, including nasal obstruction, difficulty breathing, and recurrent infections.	K	Large group lectures	Multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)
OTOR 11.4	Learn diagnostic methods to evaluate nasal septum disorders, such as physical examination, nasal endoscopy, and imaging techniques.	K/S	Large group lectures	Multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)
OTOR 11.5	Understand treatment options, including medical management and surgical interventions (e.g., septoplasty), to address nasal septum disorders and enhance patient quality of life.	K	Large group lectures	Multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)

Allergic rhinitis and nasal polyposis

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
OTOR 12.1	Understand the pathophysiology of allergic rhinitis and nasal polyposis, focusing on the immune system's response to allergens and the resulting inflammation of the nasal mucosa.	K	Large group lectures	Multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)
OTOR 12.2	Recognize clinical symptoms of allergic rhinitis, such as sneezing, nasal congestion, and itching, and nasal polyposis, including persistent nasal obstruction and loss of smell.	K	Large group lectures	Multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)
OTOR 12.3	Identify risk factors for allergic rhinitis and nasal polyposis, including genetic predisposition, environmental allergens, and underlying conditions like asthma or sinusitis.	K	Large group lectures	Multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)
OTOR 12.4	Learn diagnostic methods, such as skin tests, nasal endoscopy, and imaging, to assess the presence and severity of allergic rhinitis and nasal polyps.	K/S	Large group lectures	Multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)
OTOR 12.5	Understand management strategies, including pharmacologic treatments (e.g., antihistamines, nasal corticosteroids), immunotherapy (allergy shots), and surgical interventions (e.g., polypectomy) to relieve symptoms and improve quality of life.	K	Large group lectures	Multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)

Epistaxis

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
OTOR 13.1	Understand the causes of epistaxis, including local factors (e.g., trauma, dry air, infections) and systemic conditions (e.g., bleeding disorders, hypertension).	K	Large group lectures	Multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)
OTOR 13.2	Recognize clinical manifestations, such as the amount of bleeding, its duration, and associated symptoms (e.g., lightheadedness, dizziness).	K	Large group lectures	Multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions
OTOR 13.3	Identify the types of epistaxis, differentiating between anterior (more common) and posterior epistaxis, based on the location of bleeding.	K	Large group lectures	Multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)
OTOR 13.4	Learn diagnostic approaches, including physical examination (e.g., nasal speculum examination) and investigations (e.g., coagulation profile) to assess underlying causes.	K/S	Large group lectures	Multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)
OTOR 13.5	Understand the management of epistaxis, focusing on conservative measures (e.g., applying pressure, using nasal decongestants), medical treatments (e.g., cauterization, packing), and surgical options for recurrent cases.	K	Large group lectures	Multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)

Sinusitis and its complications

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
OTOR 14.1	Understand the pathophysiology of sinusitis, including the causes (viral, bacterial, allergic) and how they lead to sinus inflammation.	K	Large group lectures	Multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)
OTOR 14.2	Identify common symptoms, such as nasal congestion, facial pressure, and headache, and differentiate between acute and chronic forms of sinusitis.	K	Large group lectures	Multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)
OTOR 14.3	Learn the diagnostic methods, including physical examination and imaging (e.g., CT scans) to confirm sinusitis and identify complications.	K/S	Large group lectures	Multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)
OTOR 14.4	Recognize complications like orbital cellulitis and brain abscesses, and understand when urgent treatment is required.	K	Large group lectures	Multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)
OTOR 14.5	Understand basic treatment options, including nasal decongestants, antibiotics, and corticosteroids for managing inflammation and infection.	K	Large group lectures	Multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)

Benign and malignant conditions of the nose and paranasal sinuses

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
OTOR 15.1	Understand the classification of benign and malignant tumors of the nose and sinuses, including examples like nasal polyps (benign) and squamous cell carcinoma (malignant).	K	Large group lectures	Multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)
OTOR 15.2	Identify key clinical features of benign conditions, such as nasal obstruction, congestion, and recurrent infections, and distinguish them from malignant conditions that may present with more serious symptoms like nasal bleeding or a persistent mass.	K	Large group lectures	Multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)
OTOR 15.3	Learn the diagnostic techniques used for these conditions, including physical examination, imaging (CT, MRI), and biopsy for histopathological evaluation.	K/S	Large group lectures	Multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)
OTOR 15.4	Recognize the treatment options for benign conditions like surgery or medications (e.g., corticosteroids) and the aggressive treatments required for malignancies, such as surgery, radiation, or chemotherapy.	K	Large group lectures	Multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)
OTOR 15.5	Understand the importance of early detection, particularly in malignant conditions, to improve prognosis and prevent the spread of cancer to surrounding structures.	K/A	Large group lectures	Multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)

Trauma to the face and CSF rhinorrhea

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
OTOR 16.1	Understand the types of facial trauma: Recognize various forms of facial trauma, including fractures of the nasal bone, maxilla, zygoma, and mandible, and their potential effects on airway and function.	K	Large group lectures	Multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)
OTOR 16.2	Identify the clinical features of facial trauma, such as swelling, pain, deformities, and difficulties in breathing or speaking, and the importance of early assessment and stabilization.	K	Large group lectures	Multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)
OTOR 16.3	Learn the diagnostic methods for facial trauma and CSF rhinorrhea, including physical examination, imaging (CT, MRI), and the use of beta-2 transferrin testing to confirm CSF leakage.	K/S	Large group lectures	Multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)
OTOR 16.4	Understand the management strategies: For facial trauma, treatment ranges from conservative care for minor fractures to surgical intervention for severe cases. CSF rhinorrhea may require surgical repair, often via endoscopic or open techniques, and prophylactic antibiotics to prevent infections like meningitis.	K	Large group lectures	Multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)
OTOR 16.5	Recognize the complications: Complications of facial trauma include infections, airway compromise, and long-term functional impairments, while CSF rhinorrhea can lead to meningitis if not properly managed.	K	Large group lectures	Multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)

Diseases of the tonsils and adenoids

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
OTOR 17.1	Identify the normal anatomy and physiological roles of the tonsils and adenoids, and explain how their location and function contribute to local immune defense, especially in pediatric patients.	K	Large group lectures	multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)
OTOR 17.2	Distinguish between acute and chronic tonsillitis through interpretation of clinical symptoms such as sore throat, fever, lymphadenopathy, and by correlating laboratory results with patient history.	K	Large group lectures	(MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)
OTOR 17.3	Detect the clinical manifestations of adenoidal hypertrophy, including nasal obstruction, mouth breathing, snoring, and its complications like otitis media with effusion and sleep-disordered breathing.	K	Large group lectures	multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)
OTOR 17.4	Assess patients presenting with recurrent tonsillitis using established clinical criteria (e.g., Paradise criteria) to determine whether surgical intervention, such as tonsillectomy or adenoidectomy, is indicated.	K	Large group lectures	multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)
-	Formulate individualized treatment strategies for managing tonsillar and adenoidal conditions, incorporating both medical therapies (e.g., antibiotics, anti-inflammatories) and surgical options when appropriate.	K	Large group lectures	multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)
-	Defend clinical decisions regarding surgery by integrating patient symptoms, frequency of infections, quality of life, and existing clinical guidelines to ensure evidence-based practice.	K	Large group lectures	multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)

Tumours of the pharynx

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
OTOR 18.1	Identify and describe the anatomical regions of the pharynx, including the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and hypopharynx, and explain how the location of tumours can affect symptoms and treatment options.	K	Large group lectures	(MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)
OTOR 18.2	Recognize the clinical manifestations of pharyngeal tumours, such as dysphagia, hoarseness, and a lump in the throat, and differentiate them from other causes based on patient history and physical examination.	K/S	Large group lectures	Video Assessment (CIVA) & multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)
OTOR 18.3	Analyze the risk factors for pharyngeal cancers, including smoking, alcohol use, and HPV infection, and explain how they contribute to tumour development.	K	Large group lectures	Video Assessment (CIVA) & multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)
OTOR 18.4	Assess the role of imaging techniques like CT scans, MRIs, and biopsies in diagnosing pharyngeal tumours and determining their stage and spread.	K/S	Large group lectures	multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)
OTOR 18.5	Evaluate the appropriate treatment options for pharyngeal tumours, including surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy, and justify the treatment approach based on tumour size, location, and stage.	K	Large group lectures	multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)
OTOR 18.6	Design a follow-up plan for patients post-treatment, addressing potential complications such as dysphagia, speech difficulties, and recurrence of the tumour.	K	Large group lectures	multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)

Congenital diseases of the larynx

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
OTOR 19.1	a) Identify and describe the anatomical regions of the pharynx, including the nasopharynx, oropharynx, and hypopharynx, and explain how the location of tumours can affect symptoms and treatment options. b) Recognize the clinical manifestations of pharyngeal tumours, such as dysphagia, hoarseness, and a lump in the throat, and differentiate them from other causes based on patient history and physical examination.	K	Large group lectures	multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)
OTOR 19.2	a) Analyze the risk factors for pharyngeal cancers, including smoking, alcohol use, and HPV infection, and explain how they contribute to tumour development. b) Assess the role of imaging techniques like CT scans, MRIs, and biopsies in diagnosing pharyngeal tumours and determining their stage and spread.	K	Large group lectures	multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)
OTOR 19.3	a) Evaluate the appropriate treatment options for pharyngeal tumours, and justify the treatment approach based on tumour size, location, and stage. b) Design a follow-up plan for patients post-treatment, addressing potential complications.	K	Large group lectures	multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)

Inflammatory conditions of the larynx

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
OTOR 20.1	a) Identify Common Laryngeal Inflammatory Conditions b) Recognize and differentiate between acute laryngitis, chronic laryngitis, and laryngeal tuberculosis	K	Large group lectures	multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)
OTOR 20.2	Describe the inflammation processes in the larynx and identify symptoms like hoarseness, throat pain, and stridor, linked to different inflammatory conditions.	K	Large group lectures	multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)
OTOR 20.3	a) Learn the diagnostic methods, including clinical examination, laryngoscopy, and imaging. b) Understand treatment options such as antibiotics for infections, corticosteroids for inflammation, and vocal rest for functional causes.	K/S	Large group lectures	multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)
OTOR 20.4	Recognize potential complications, including airway obstruction or chronic voice disorders, and understand preventive measures, including proper vocal hygiene and avoiding irritants.	K	Large group lectures	multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)

Tumours of the larynx

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
OTOR 21.1	a) Identify Types of Laryngeal Tumours b) Understand the classification of laryngeal tumors, distinguishing between benign and malignant types, such as squamous cell carcinoma, papillomas, and laryngeal polyps.	K	Large group lectures	multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)
OTOR 21.2	Learn the risk factors for laryngeal cancer, including smoking, alcohol use, and HPV infection. Recognize common symptoms such as persistent hoarseness, dysphagia, pain, and stridor.	K	Large group lectures	multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)
OTOR 21.3	Understand the diagnostic process, including physical examination, laryngoscopy, biopsy, and imaging studies (CT, MRI) to assess tumour size and spread.	K/S	Large group lectures	multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)
OTOR 21.4	a) Learn the treatment modalities for laryngeal tumors, including surgical resection, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. b) Understand the criteria for deciding between organ preservation versus laryngectomy.	K	Large group lectures	multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)
OTOR 21.5	Be aware of complications such as airway obstruction, metastasis, and voice changes. Learn about the prognosis based on tumour type, stage, and treatment outcomes.	K	Large group lectures	multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)

Stridor, vocal cord paralysis

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
OTOR 22.1	a) Identify and describe the common congenital abnormalities of the larynx, such as laryngomalacia, vocal cord paralysis, and congenital stridor, and explain their impact on normal breathing and voice production. b) Recognize the clinical signs and symptoms associated with congenital laryngeal diseases, including stridor, hoarseness, and difficulty feeding, and differentiate these from other respiratory conditions through clinical evaluation.	K/S	Large group lectures	multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)
OTOR 22.2	a) Discuss the embryological development of the larynx and how disruptions in this process can lead to congenital laryngeal conditions, providing a foundation for understanding their pathophysiology. b) Analyze the diagnostic approach for congenital laryngeal diseases.	K/S	Large group lectures	multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)
OTOR 22.3	a) Evaluate the management and treatment options for congenital laryngeal diseases, including conservative management, surgery, and speech therapy, and justify the treatment plan based on the severity of symptoms and the specific diagnosis. b) Develop a follow-up strategy for infants with congenital laryngeal diseases to monitor their respiratory function, vocal development, and potential long-term effects.	K	Large group lectures	multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)

Tracheostomy

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
OTOR 23.1	a) Define tracheostomy and explain the indications for performing this procedure, such as airway obstruction, long-term ventilation needs, and respiratory failure, emphasizing clinical decision-making. b) Identify the different types of tracheostomy tubes and their components, including cuffed and uncuffed tubes, and discuss when each type is used based on the patient's clinical condition.	K	Large group lectures	multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)
OTOR 23.2	a) Demonstrate an understanding of the step-by-step process of performing a tracheostomy. b) Evaluate the potential complications associated with tracheostomy, and apply appropriate interventions to manage these complications.	K	Large group lectures	multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)
OTOR 23.3	a) Assess the nursing care required for a patient with a tracheostomy, including airway management, suctioning, and the prevention of respiratory infections, based on evidence-based clinical guidelines. b) Develop a management plan for long-term tracheostomy care, including patient and family education on the use of the tracheostomy tube, emergency procedures, and regular follow-ups to monitor respiratory function.	K	Large group lectures	multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)

Sleep apnea syndrome

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
OTOR 24.1	a) Describe the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying obstructive and central sleep apnea, emphasizing how airway obstruction or neurological dysfunction leads to disrupted sleep and systemic complications. b) Identify key clinical features of sleep apnea syndrome—such as loud snoring, witnessed apneas, daytime sleepiness—and correlate them with diagnostic criteria used in sleep studies like polysomnography.	K	Large group lectures	multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)
OTOR 24.2	a) Differentiate between obstructive and central sleep apnea based on patient history, physical examination, and diagnostic results to aid in accurate diagnosis and management planning. b) Analyze the complications of untreated sleep apnea, including cardiovascular risks (e.g., hypertension, arrhythmia), metabolic dysfunction, and impaired cognitive function.	K/S	Large group lectures	multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)
OTOR 24.3	a) Develop an individualized treatment plan for patients with sleep apnea, integrating behavioral modifications, CPAP therapy, and potential surgical interventions such as uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP), based on severity and patient compliance. b) Evaluate patient response to treatment using follow-up sleep studies and clinical feedback, and adjust management plans accordingly to improve quality of life and reduce comorbid risks.	K	Large group lectures	multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)

Hoarseness

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
OTOR 25.1	a) Define hoarseness as an abnormal change in voice quality, pitch, or volume due to pathology affecting the vocal cords or laryngeal structures. b) List the common causes of hoarseness, including laryngitis, vocal cord nodules or paralysis, laryngeal tumors, and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). c) Explain the clinical significance of persistent hoarseness lasting more than two weeks and its potential link to laryngeal malignancies, especially in high-risk individuals such as smokers.	K	Large group lectures	multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)
OTOR 25.2	a) Conduct a focused history and physical examination to evaluate hoarseness, emphasizing voice use patterns, associated symptoms (e.g., dysphagia, hemoptysis), and risk factors. b) Interpret findings from diagnostic tools like indirect laryngoscopy, flexible nasolaryngoscopy, and imaging (CT/MRI) to identify the underlying pathology.	K/S	Large group lectures	multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)
OTOR 25.3	a) Formulate an evidence-based management plan based on etiology, ranging from voice rest and medical therapy to referral for phonosurgery or oncology when indicated. b) Monitor voice improvement or progression and counsel patients on voice hygiene and preventive strategies, particularly for those with occupational voice demands.	K	Large group lectures	multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)

Trauma of the larynx and cervical masses

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
OTOR 26.1	a) Describe the anatomical structures of the larynx and neck relevant to traumatic injuries and the potential impact on airway function and phonation. b) Identify the clinical features and mechanisms of laryngeal trauma (e.g., blunt trauma, penetrating injuries) and recognize red flag signs requiring urgent intervention.	K	Large group lectures	multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)
OTOR 26.2	a) Differentiate between benign and malignant cervical masses based on history, physical examination, and initial diagnostic workup such as ultrasound or fine-needle aspiration (FNA). b) Develop an initial clinical approach to the management of laryngeal trauma.	K	Large group lectures	multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)
OTOR 26.3	a) Formulate a differential diagnosis for cervical swellings in different age groups, incorporating knowledge of congenital, inflammatory, and neoplastic causes. b) Collaborate effectively with surgical, radiological, and oncology teams in the evaluation and treatment planning for patients presenting with cervical masses or laryngeal trauma.	K	Large group lectures	multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)

Trauma of the larynx and cervical masses

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
OTOR 27.1	a) Describe the anatomical structures of the larynx and neck relevant to traumatic injuries and the potential impact on airway function and phonation. b) Identify the clinical features and mechanisms of laryngeal trauma (e.g., blunt trauma, penetrating injuries) and recognize red flag signs requiring urgent intervention.	K	Large group lectures	multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)
OTOR 27.2	Differentiate between benign and malignant cervical masses based on history, physical examination, and initial diagnostic workup such as ultrasound or fine-needle aspiration (FNA).	K/S	Large group lectures	multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)
OTOR 27.3	Develop an initial clinical approach to the management of laryngeal trauma, including airway protection, imaging modalities, and indications for surgical intervention.	K	Large group lectures	multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)
OTOR 27.4	Formulate a differential diagnosis for cervical swellings in different age groups, incorporating knowledge of congenital, inflammatory, and neoplastic causes.	K	Large group lectures	multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)
OTOR 27.5	Collaborate effectively with surgical, radiological, and oncology teams in the evaluation and treatment planning for patients presenting with cervical masses or laryngeal trauma.	K	Large group lectures	multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)

ENT emergencies

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
OTOR 28.1	Recognize the signs and symptoms of common ENT emergencies such as epistaxis, airway obstruction, peritonsillar abscess, foreign body aspiration, and sudden sensorineural hearing loss.	K	Large group lectures	multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)
OTOR 28.2	Distinguish between life-threatening and non-life-threatening ENT conditions using clinical assessment and diagnostic tools to prioritize management.	K	Large group lectures	multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)
OTOR 28.3	Apply appropriate first-line emergency interventions, including airway stabilization, nasal packing, or abscess drainage, based on current clinical guidelines.	K/S	Large group lectures	multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)
OTOR 28.4	Integrate decision-making skills in emergency scenarios to determine when to escalate care or refer to specialized ENT or surgical services.	K	Large group lectures	multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)
OTOR 28.5	Demonstrate confidence and accuracy in initiating basic life support (BLS) and managing airway compromise in ENT-related trauma or obstruction cases.	K	Large group lectures	multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)

Infection in ENT

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
OTOR 29.1	Identify common bacterial, viral, and fungal infections affecting the ear, nose, and throat, including otitis media, rhinosinusitis, and pharyngitis.	K	Large group lectures	multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)
OTOR 29.2	Differentiate between acute and chronic infections, understanding their pathophysiology and clinical manifestations, to inform diagnosis and treatment.	K	Large group lectures	multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)
OTOR 29.3	Apply appropriate diagnostic tests, such as culture, PCR, or imaging, to confirm the presence of infection and determine the causative agent.	K/S	Large group lectures	multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)
OTOR 29.4	Evaluate the treatment options for ENT infections, including antibiotic selection, supportive care, and non-pharmacological interventions, considering patient-specific factors.	K	Large group lectures	multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)
OTOR 29.5	Demonstrate the ability to recognize complications of ENT infections, such as abscess formation or sepsis, and escalate care when necessary.	K	Large group lectures	multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)

Trauma in ENT

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
OTOR 30.1	Identify the common causes of trauma in ENT, including blunt force, penetrating injuries, and thermal or chemical burns, and their effects on the ear, nose, and throat.	K	Large group lectures	multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)
OTOR 30.2	Differentiate between types of trauma, such as nasal fractures, tympanic membrane perforation, and laryngeal injury, based on clinical examination and imaging findings.	K	Large group lectures	multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)
OTOR 30.3	Assess the severity of ENT trauma, recognizing when immediate intervention is required, and applying appropriate first-aid measures (e.g., airway management, bleeding control).	K	Large group lectures	multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)
OTOR 30.4	Implement diagnostic tools, such as nasal endoscopy, CT scans, and hearing tests, to assess the extent of injury and formulate a treatment plan.	K/S	Large group lectures	multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)
OTOR 30.5	Evaluate treatment options for ENT trauma, including surgical and conservative interventions, and understand the potential complications, such as infection, scarring, and airway obstruction.	K	Large group lectures	multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)

Practical

Larynx Examination + Laryngeal Instruments + Laryngeal Case

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
OTOR 1.1	Identify the anatomical structures of the larynx, including vocal cords, epiglottis, and surrounding tissues, during a clinical examination of the larynx.	K/S	Large group lectures	multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)
OTOR 1.2	Perform a detailed laryngeal examination using essential laryngeal instruments (e.g., laryngoscope, rigid endoscope) to assess for abnormalities such as inflammation, lesions, and asymmetry.	K/S	Large group lectures	multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)
OTOR 1.3	Demonstrate proficiency in the correct handling and use of laryngeal instruments during clinical assessments, ensuring safety and accuracy during the procedure.	K/S	Large group lectures	multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)
OTOR 1.4	Analyze common clinical cases of laryngeal conditions such as hoarseness, dysphagia, or airway obstruction, and correlate examination findings with possible diagnoses, including conditions like laryngitis, vocal cord paralysis, or laryngeal carcinoma.	K/S	Large group lectures	multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)
OTOR 1.5	Evaluate the need for further diagnostic procedures based on findings during the laryngeal examination, recommending appropriate follow-up tests or treatments, including imaging or biopsy when necessary.	K/S	Large group lectures	multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)

Ear Examination + Ear Instruments + Ear Cases

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
OTOR 2.1	a) Identify the anatomical landmarks of the ear, including the outer ear, middle ear, and inner ear, during a comprehensive ear examination. b) Perform a thorough ear examination using otoscopic instruments to inspect for abnormalities such as ear infections, perforations, or foreign bodies, demonstrating correct technique and patient comfort.	K/S	Large group lectures	multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)
OTOR 2.2	Demonstrate proficiency in using specialized ear instruments, such as the otoscope, tuning fork, and tympanometer, to assess hearing function and detect signs of conductive or sensorineural hearing loss.	K/S	Large group lectures	multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)
OTOR 2.3	Analyze common clinical cases of ear conditions such as otitis media, ear trauma, or cerumen impaction, correlating physical examination findings with potential diagnoses.	K/S	Large group lectures	multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)
OTOR 2.4	Develop a treatment and management plan based on ear examination findings, recommending appropriate interventions, such as ear cleaning, antibiotics, or referral for audiological testing.	K	Large group lectures	multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)

Nose Examination + Nasal Instruments + Nasal Cases

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
OTOR 3.1	Perform a systematic anterior rhinoscopy using a nasal speculum and headlight to identify common nasal pathologies (e.g., septal deviation, polyps) in a clinical skills lab by the end of the session.	K/S	Large group lectures	multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)
OTOR 3.2	a) Identify and correctly name at least five nasal examination instruments (e.g., Thudicum nasal speculum, nasal dressing forceps) during a practical demonstration with 100% accuracy. b) Demonstrate proper handling and sterilization techniques for nasal instruments during a practical lab within a 10-minute time limit.	K/S	Large group lectures	multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)
OTOR 3.3	Interpret clinical findings from at least three nasal cases (e.g., allergic rhinitis, epistaxis, nasal trauma) and present differential diagnoses and management plans during a case-based discussion.	K	Large group lectures	multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)
OTOR 3.4	Assess patient history and perform a complete ENT examination including nasal inspection and palpation in a simulated patient encounter, scoring ≥85% on the departmental checklist.	K/S	Large group lectures	multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)

Audiology

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
OTOR 4.1	By the end of the session, students will be able to describe the basic principles of audiology, including hearing tests, audiogram interpretation, and common auditory disorders, and demonstrate their understanding by interpreting an audiogram case study.	K	Large group lectures	multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)
OTOR 4.2	Identify the different types of hearing loss (conductive, sensorineural, and mixed) and their clinical presentations.	K/S	Large group lectures	multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)
OTOR 4.3	Successfully differentiate between the types of hearing loss by analyzing case scenarios provided during the session.	K	Large group lectures	multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)
OTOR 4.4	a) The content is aligned with students' current level of knowledge and can be achieved through interactive case-based learning.	K	Large group lectures	multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)

ENT Emergencies

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
OTOR 5.1	a) Recognize and manage the most common ENT emergencies, such as foreign body aspiration, epistaxis (nosebleeds), and acute airway obstruction. b) By the end of the session, students will be able to list and describe the steps involved in the management of each emergency scenario and demonstrate their knowledge through case discussions.	K	Large group lectures	multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)
OTOR 5.2	a) This objective is achievable with the use of case studies, demonstrations, and structured guidelines that will be provided throughout the lecture. b) Understanding ENT emergencies is critical in clinical practice to ensure timely intervention and prevent complications.	K	Large group lectures	multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)
OTOR 5.3	Students should be able to accurately identify and describe the management of these emergencies by the conclusion of the class, within the 2-hour session.	K	Large group lectures	multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)

Case Discussion

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
OTOR 6.1	a) Develop clinical reasoning by analyzing ENT cases involving common conditions. b) Students should be able to take a focused ENT history, suggest appropriate differential diagnoses, and outline an initial management plan for at least two case scenarios.	K/S	Large group lectures	multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)
OTOR 6.2	Through interactive discussion, supervision, and guided clinical scenarios, students will practice applying theoretical knowledge in real-life clinical contexts.	K	Large group lectures	multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)
OTOR 6.3	Strengthening diagnostic and management skills in ENT is crucial for future clinical rotations and patient care responsibilities.	K	Large group lectures	multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)

X-RAY

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
OTOR 7.1	By the end of the session, students will be able to identify key radiological features of common ENT conditions such as sinusitis, nasal bone fractures, mastoiditis, and deviated nasal septum, and correlate them with clinical presentations to aid diagnosis and management.	K/S	Large group lectures	multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)
OTOR 7.2	By the end of this session, students will be able to analyze ENT-related X-ray images, distinguish between normal and pathological findings, and apply this knowledge in forming accurate clinical impressions for cases involving trauma, infections, or structural abnormalities.	K/S	Large group lectures	multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)

Slide show

Number	Learning Objective	Domain K/S/A/C	Teaching Learning Methods	Assessment Methods
OTOR 8.1	Students will be able to identify and summarize key clinical features, diagnostic approaches, and management plans for the most prevalent ENT diseases (such as otitis media, allergic rhinitis, sinusitis, tonsillitis, and nasal polyps) through analysis of visual slide presentations, and demonstrate their understanding by participating in a case-based discussion.	K/S	Large group lectures	multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)
OTOR 8.2	a) Differentiate between similar ENT conditions shown in slide images (e.g., allergic vs. infectious rhinitis) using clinical reasoning within 5 minutes per case in a timed activity. b) Summarize key learning points from each ENT case slide including likely diagnosis, investigation, and basic management steps in a written report submitted by the end of the session.	K	Large group lectures	multiple choice questions (MCQ) & Short Answer Questions & Clinical Image And Video Assessment (CIVA)